CONTENTS NOTATION ........................................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Overview of the Emergency Response Guidebook ................................................ 5 1.2 Organization of this Report ..................................................................................... 7 2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 9 2.1 TIH List ................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Background ................................................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Changes in the TIH List for the ERG2012 ................................................. 11 2.2 Shipment and Release Scenarios ............................................................................ 11 2.2.1 Shipment Profiles ........................................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Treatment of Chemical Agents ................................................................... 14 2.3 Generics, Mixtures, and Solutions .......................................................................... 17 2.4 Analysis of Water-Reactive Materials .................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Background ................................................................................................. 25 2.4.2 Identification and Evaluation of Candidates ............................................... 26 2.4.3 Experimental Program ................................................................................ 27 2.4.4 Additional Selection Criteria ...................................................................... 27 2.4.5 Summary ..................................................................................................... 29 2.5 Determination of Initial Isolation Distances ........................................................... 29 3 STATISTICAL ACCIDENT SCENARIO ANALYSIS AND CASRAM ...................... 31 3.1 Statistical Scenario Analysis ................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Overview of Analysis Steps ........................................................................ 32 3.1.2 HMIS Database ........................................................................................... 33 3.1.3 Geographic Incident Distributions .............................................................. 33 3.1.4 Temporal Incident Distributions ................................................................. 34 3.1.5 Discharge Fraction Distributions ................................................................ 37 3.1.5.1 Bulk Containers ........................................................................... 37 3.1.5.2 Package Freight Containers ......................................................... 40 3.2 Meteorological Database Used to Prepare the Guidebook ..................................... 45 3.2.1 Meteorological and Site Data...................................................................... 45 3.2.2 Meteorological Preprocessor ...................................................................... 45 3.2.2.1 Surface Turbulence Parameters ................................................... 46 3.2.2.2 Inversion Height and Boundary Layer Height ............................. 48 3.2.3 Water Temperature for TIHWR Reaction Rates ........................................ 49 iii CONTENTS (Cont.) 3.3 Emission Rate Characterization .............................................................................. 50 3.3.1 Overview of Release Types ........................................................................ 50 3.3.2 CASRAM Emission Model and Its Application to the ERG2012 Analysis....................................................................................................... 52 3.3.2.1 Assumptions Used to Develop Accident Scenarios ..................... 52 3.3.2.2 Physical Considerations ............................................................... 54 3.3.2.3 Water-Reactive Materials ............................................................ 58 3.4 Analysis of Atmospheric Dispersion ...................................................................... 60 3.4.1 Overview of Atmospheric Dispersion ........................................................ 61 3.4.1.1 Diurnal Aspects of Plume Dispersion .......................................... 61 3.4.1.2 Effects of Dense Gas on Plume Dispersion ................................. 63 3.4.2 CASRAM Dispersion Model ...................................................................... 65 3.4.2.1 Passive Dispersion ....................................................................... 65 3.4.2.2 Dense Gas Dispersion .................................................................. 70 4 HEALTH CRITERIA ...................................................................................................... 73 4.1 Review of Health Criteria Development for the ERG Analysis ............................. 74 4.1.1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels .............................................................. 74 4.1.2 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines ................................................ 75 4.1.3 Comparisons of AEGLs, ERPGs, and other Health Criteria ...................... 76 4.1.3.1 IDLH Values ................................................................................ 76 4.1.3.2 LOC Values ................................................................................. 76 4.1.3.3 TEEL Values................................................................................ 77 4.2 Procedure Used to Select Health Criteria for the ERG ........................................... 78 4.2.1 Use of AEGL and ERPG Data .................................................................... 78 4.2.2 Use of Acute Inhalation Lethality Data in Animals .................................... 78 4.2.2.1 Species Considerations ................................................................ 79 4.2.2.2 Experimental Exposure Duration Considerations ........................ 80 4.2.2.3 Data Source Considerations ......................................................... 81 4.2.2.4 Adjustment Factors ...................................................................... 82 4.2.3 Use of Data for Structurally Similar Substances ........................................ 82 4.3 Summary ................................................................................................................. 82 4.4 Glossary for Chapter 4 ............................................................................................ 84 5 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 87 5.1 Safe Distance Distributions and Protective Action Distances ................................ 87 5.1.1 Generation of Table 1 Protective Action Distances .................................... 87 5.1.2 Generation of Table 3 Protective Action Distances .................................... 93 5.2 Presentation of the Tables in the Guidebook .......................................................... 94 5.3 Extensions of the ERG Analysis ............................................................................. 96 iv CONTENTS (Cont.) 6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 99 APPENDIX A: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances in the 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook .................................................................. 105 APPENDIX B: Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Six Common TIH Gases Provided in Table 3 of ERG2012 ................................................ 127 APPENDIX C: Chemicals Analyzed in the ERG2012 Analysis ............................................ 133 APPENDIX D: Additional Details on Water-Reactive Materials .......................................... 143 FIGURES 1.1 Illustration Showing How the ERG2012 Defines the Initial Isolation Zone and Protective Action Zone for Use by a First Responder .................................................. 6 2.1 Schematic of the Methodology Used to Prepare the ERG2012 Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances .................................................................... 10 3.1 Hourly Distributions of Rail and Highway Transportation-Related Hazardous Material Releases Occurring during Accident-Related and en Route/Nonaccident Incidents from the HMIS Database for 19902002 ...................................................... 36 3.2 Monthly Distributions of Rail and Highway Transportation-Related Hazardous Material Releases Occurring during Accident-Related and en Route/Nonaccident Incidents from the HMIS Database for 19902002 ...................................................... 36 3.3 Discharge Fraction Cumulative Probability for Bulk Nonpressurized and Low- Pressure Containers as Derived from the Analysis of the HMIS Database Used for the ERG2012 Analysis ...........................................................................................