fdr4freedoms 1 In the months before his untimely death in April 1945, having led the United States to the brink of victory in World War II, Franklin 17. The United D. Roosevelt was determined to use the catalyst of global conflict to fashion a postwar world organized not by lawless Nations: FDR and violence but by respect and cooperation among nations. In October 1944, as the Allies stood poised for the final assault on the German homeland, FDR spoke to Americans the Creation of the about the next great challenge: “waging peace.” He urged them to support the international peacekeeping organization whose basic shape had been hammered out by the major Postwar World Allies only weeks before at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, DC. He reminded them how strong had been the inclination among some Americans to maintain a pristine disengagement from world affairs and avoid entanglement in the war at just about any cost. Joining the battle to defend their country and its ideals had, in the end, risen “from the hearts and souls and sinews of the American people,” FDR observed, and the An aerial view of New York City showing, at left, the experience had left them a “seasoned and mature” people with white-edged Secretariat Building of the United Nations a newly prominent role to play in the world. headquarters complex on the shore of the East River. At the tip of the East River’s Roosevelt Island is the Franklin “The power which this Nation has attained—the political, D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park. Opened in 2012, this the economic, the military, and above all the moral power—has memorial to FDR in his home state affords visitors a unique vantage on the international peacekeeping organization he brought to us the responsibility, and with it the opportunity, for worked for many years to establish. Iwan Baan leadership in the community of Nations,” FDR said. “It is our IV. Statesman & Commander in Chief: FDR in World War II 17. The United Nations: FDR and the Creation of the Postwar World fdr4freedoms 2 another even more cataclysmic war—World War III—the root causes of this destructive conflagration must be addressed. Nearly a year before Pearl Harbor, as the Nazis exulted in their conquest of continental Europe, FDR, in his historic January 1941 State of the Union address, gave Americans his sense of what was at stake in the conflict: either the dictators’ “new order of tyranny” would soon dominate the world, enslaving the great democracies, perhaps for generations, or “a greater conception— the moral order” would triumph. The essence of this moral order, FDR said, lay not in obscure partisan interests (later that month an unhinged Adolf Hitler would label the Allies a “Jewish-international- capitalist clique”), but in the establishment “everywhere in the world” of four fundamental human freedoms: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. Even as Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan joined forces to menace the globe, FDR assured the American people that this better world was “attainable in our own time and generation.” He worked assiduously to attain it, always careful to emphasize ultimate goals in his wartime rhetoric, and, on a practical level, orchestrating a series of meetings, conferences, and declarations that ultimately led to the establishment of the United Nations (UN) and the post-1945 multilateral order that prevails to this day. It took a quarter century for FDR’s ideas about international cooperation to come to fruition. Sadly, he died on April 12, 1945, just a few months before the Allies celebrated a final victory over fascism in both Europe and Asia, A New Deal poster promoting Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four affairs. As a top navy official, he’d been and little more than six months before nations Freedoms, first presented in his January 1941 State of the a passionate advocate for the League of of goodwill formally founded the UN he had Union speech. During that year preceding America’s entry Nations, which was established after World envisioned for so many years. But the legacy of into World War II, FDR worked to define the Allies’ cause by describing the world they would fight to establish—a War I to keep the peace, and he was bitterly his work would be very long lasting indeed. world organized by liberal values that stood in sharp disappointed when the U.S. Senate refused “Take a look at our present world,” the contrast to the ideals of dictators. LOC to join the fledgling organization in 1919, historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. said in 1998. weakening it substantially. “It is manifestly not Adolf Hitler’s world. His own best interest, and in the name of peace Almost from the moment warfare erupted Thousand-Year Reich turned out to have a and humanity, this Nation cannot, must not, once again in Europe in September 1939, brief and bloody run of a dozen years. It is and will not shirk that responsibility.” FDR as president dedicated himself and manifestly not Joseph Stalin’s world. That A worldly person who traveled extensively his administration to the larger purpose of ghastly world self-destructed before our eyes. even as a child, FDR had always believed that establishing a safer and more just world after Nor is it Winston Churchill’s world. Empire nations were inexorably linked by a web of the peace. Military victory for the Allies, and its glories have long since vanished into overlapping interests and that America should though an immediate and crucial goal, was history. The world we live in today is Franklin therefore take an active part in international not enough. If the world hoped to prevent Roosevelt’s world.” IV. Statesman & Commander in Chief: FDR in World War II 17. The United Nations: FDR and the Creation of the Postwar World fdr4freedoms 3 A Woodrow Wilson and the League of Nations In February 1919, World War I recently On this trip, Wilson’s steps were dogged concluded, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor by antileague senators Hiram Johnson of Roosevelt sailed home from Europe after California and William Borah of Idaho, who a trip of several weeks during which FDR, spoke against the treaty with a passion equal as undersecretary of the navy, had been to Wilson’s. In the Senate, Borah memorably responsible for demobilizing the American invoked Thomas Jefferson’s warning against fleet. They shared the journey with President “entangling alliances” with foreign nations. Woodrow Wilson, who had been in Paris The isolationists’ main concern was that the negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, which league’s charter would compel America to go set the terms of peace, and in particular to war in defense of other member nations. pressing for the inclusion of a charter that Wilson suffered a major stroke in November, would found the League of Nations. This and the Senate rejected the treaty (and the charter called on member nations to protect League of Nations) in November and again in one another’s political independence and March 1920. territorial integrity from external aggression, America was becoming an ever-more- to reduce armaments, and to submit to an powerful player on the world stage, and its executive council any disputes likely to lead refusal to join the league compromised the to war. It also established a World Court. organization’s perceived muscularity. On Wilson ardently believed the league could several occasions member nations proved help prevent future wars. FDR agreed. The unwilling to take strong action to check mood aboard ship was hopeful, ebullient aggressors, including the Japanese when they even. But the balance of the year would bring invaded Manchuria in 1931 and the Italians great disappointment. when they attacked Ethiopia in 1935. Japan After signing the treaty in July, and Germany dropped out of the league in Wilson presented it to the U.S. Senate 1933. Italy followed in 1937. for ratification, telling senators that the In planning for an international agreement had been set in motion “by no peacekeeping organization during the 1940s, plan of our conceiving, but by the hand of FDR learned from these earlier failures. God.” This remark represented but one He supported a veto power for permanent example (albeit extreme) of the way Wilson members of the United Nations (UN) Security pushed the treaty and its League of Nations Council, a reassurance to the United States with an insistence that failed to take account and other permanent members that their of mounting opposition. He had broken with sovereignty would not be compromised. tradition by traveling personally to negotiate He made sure a bipartisan U.S. delegation the treaty, and when the Senate appeared attended the 1945 San Francisco Conference divided over it, Wilson, though quite ill, took establishing the UN. And he helped ensure UN to the road in September 1919 to take his actions would not require unanimous member cause to the American people. consent, a rule that had stymied the League of Nations in moving against aggressor states. IV. Statesman & Commander in Chief: FDR in World War II 17. The United Nations: FDR and the Creation of the Postwar World fdr4freedoms 4 Left: The Atlantic Charter, issued as B a leaflet by the United States Office of War Information. Signed by only two people—Franklin D. Roosevelt The Atlantic Charter, and British prime minister Winston Churchill—the document laid out the Allies’ basic aspirations for a postwar August 1941 world in August 1941, months before America entered World War II. University of North Texas Over the course of four days in August 1941, Below: Franklin D.