Redemption and deliverance : Presence of Buddhism in Paul Claudel’s drama Guanqiao Huang To cite this version: Guanqiao Huang. Redemption and deliverance : Presence of Buddhism in Paul Claudel’s drama. Religions. Université Paris sciences et lettres; Shanghai Normal University, 2017. Chinese. NNT : 2017PSLEP011. tel-02091365 HAL Id: tel-02091365 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02091365 Submitted on 5 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT del’Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres PSL Research University Préparée dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre l’École Pratique des Hautes Études et l’Université Normale de Shanghai Rédemption et délivrance : Présence du bouddhisme dans le théâtre de Paul Claudel École doctorale de lřEPHE Ŕ ED 472 Spécialité : Religions et systèmes de pensée COMPOSITION DU JURY : M. Denis PELLETIER LřEPHE Directeur de thèse M. Yunhua LIU LřUniversité Normale de Shanghai en Chine Codirecteur de thèse Mme Bei HUANG LřUniversité de Fudan en Chine Présidente du jury Soutenue par : M. Pierre MARSONE LřEPHE Guanqiao HUANG Rapporteur de thèse le 9 juin 2017 Mme Jianying LI LřUniversité Normale de Shanghai en Chine Membre du jury Dirigée par : Mme Wen JIN Denis PELLETIER LřUniversité Normale de la Chine de lřEst (ECNU) Membre du jury Yunhua LIU M. Ivan RUVIDITCH LřUniversité Normale de Shanghai en Chine Membre du jury 学校码10270 类 050108 学112100033 博士学文 救解脱 保尔•克洛岱尔剧中的教 学 院 人文学院 较文学世界文学 研方 中文学文系 研 生 黄冠乔 教师/ Denis PELLETIER 期 2017 3 2 / 334 École doctorale de lřÉcole Pratique des Hautes Études PSL Research University Université Normale de Shanghai Rédemption et délivrance : Présence du bouddhisme dans le théâtre de Paul Claudel Par HUANG Guanqiao Thèse de doctorat de sciences religieuses Sous la direction de M. Denis PELLETIER, Directeur dřétudes Et de M. LIU Yunhua, Professeur Soutenue le 9 juin 2017 Devant un jury composé de : M. Yunhua LIU, Professeur à lřUniversité Normale de Shanghai M. Pierre MARSONE, Directeur dřétudes à lřEPHE M. Denis PELLETIER, Directeur dřétudes à lřEPHE M. Ivan RUVIDITCH, Maître de conférences à lřUniversité Normale de Shanghai Mme Bei HUANG, Professeur à lřUniversité Fudan Mme Jianying LI, Professeur à lřUniversité Normale de Shanghai Mme Wen JIN, Professeur à lřUniversité Normale de la Chine de lřEst (ECNU) 3 / 334 答 Président du jury : 黄蓓 教 Mme HUANG Bei, Professeur 答员员 Liste des membres du jury présents à la soutenance 勒提耶 教 M. Denis PELLETIER, Professeur 教 M. LIU Yunhua, Professeur 教 M. Pierre MARSONE, Professeur 黄蓓 教 Mme HUANG Bei, Professeur 建英 教 Mme LI Jianying, Professeur 金雯 教 Mme JIN Wen, Professeur 逸 教 M. Ivan RUVIDITCH, Maître de conférences 4 / 334 师大学博士学文 中文摘要 中文摘要 保尔•克洛岱尔是法 19 世纪半期到 20 世纪半期剧眼的 鲜的督精和教的Ŗ方风ŗ是剧的大督教的 救是克洛岱尔大部的心，但是并固岸的 岸灵救的学教条，是地中和收了地域和民 的教解脱想，了剧的美学和文学 的救学到富教意蕴的解脱，克洛岱尔的救学 了个较长的人生感和文接的法文学的奠人物， 文教意蕴浓厚的剧文学体，西方教和文学交流和潮流 中的型析个层展开研，文学的部研文，展 19-20 世纪法教学教想和艺术法教文学的响 研考方文学想发展，段教知来源的 ，种高意的教知Ŗ颓寂静和虚无深ŗ的 教Ŗ等督福音救的堕落的ŗ中教和Ŗ忧伤美的能疗 西方ŗ的教，部期的剧表ŕŕ金头第七的 缎鞋，用文学部研文相的方法依做 述 第部，前述西方非理潮相遇和西方教学术生 发展并响文学艺术的背，文，耳曼-式的 教况克洛岱尔的响克洛岱尔初圣灵感，尚振期，信 仰疑金头就是在身信仰和回科学物道路 的体复的耶稣督ŕŕ西门回到，遇到发小和知齐西门 心谋建，杀王流Ŗ金头ŗ方，亡齐西 门收手无，身病的物，言督岸的 救尚难，欲解脱法阻，世的力虚，何能 解脱？种无的纠葛在剧中表 5 / 334 师大学博士学文 中文摘要 第部，总晚清中道想状况和克洛岱尔者的理 解和接，析第剧中联Ŗ道ŗ道补耶的索救学的体 呈交身份中的克洛岱尔大力批Ŗ堕落ŗ的中教，道 钟然道难，援引是汉语索学臆想铺垫 学剧第七的虚构了个人道生堪饿鬼道生侵的 ，爱民的崇道君王巫和黄灵无解，亲教阎罗地狱，最 在谷的督福音中到答案法，在依更高的道 通耶，饿鬼弭，，逍遥山林 第部，梳理教的发展和西方文学艺术的润， 深入剧，解析克洛岱尔中道和教艺术的感，在 书剧等多艺术形式中感和射来的Ŗ-ŗ式的美学沉克洛 岱尔任法大使，生涯和文学入鼎盛期任痴庄， 建Ŗ法学院ŗ，西方教学术交流，自教美学拥趸 了西班牙黄金背的科全书式ŕŕ缎鞋，了 极督精的人ŕŕ萝艾罗德西的爱故 们都身教全球扩，数磨难心无容 在失去看破生在爱地收 获幸福Ŗ无声ŗ的无境但是最都在满意的淡中 解脱的，了爱灵相融的Ŗ婚姻圣ŗ 键词保尔•克洛岱尔，剧，教，救，解脱 6 / 334 师大学博士学文 Abstract Abstract In Paul Claudelřs drama, the Catholic spirit and the Buddhist exoticism intersect in a very distinctive way. The Soteriology remains the central proposition, but it is never limited to traditional redemptive dogma, but enriches it with that of Buddhist deliverance which combines with the philosophy and aesthetics of India, China and Japan. This syncretism created a very singular literary atmosphere in his drama. Claudelřs acceptance and transformation of Buddhist ideas on deliverance is a long personal and cultural history. We combined the external philological studies with the intensive analysis of the texts in order to show how the dialogue between Catholic theology and Buddhism exerts influence on French literature from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. This study takes into account the characteristics of the Oriental experience of Claudel, as well as the development of his literary thought and his Buddhist source. We have extracted three stereotyped Buddhist systems: primitive Buddhism in the Indian region, which preaches suffering, emptiness and nihilism; the Ŗdegraded" Chinese Buddhism awaiting the salvation of Christ; Japanese Buddhism, with the beauty of pleasant melancholy, serves as a spiritual healing of the West in crisis. We choose three representative works: Tête d‟Or, Le Repos du Septième Jour, Le Soulier de Satin. By combining external historical study with text analysis, we have re-established a three-step process, in keeping with the diachronic development of Claudelřs Buddhi-Catholic ideology. The first part consists of two chapters, the former chapter describes the history background, which was remarked by the encounter the East and West Irrationalism, and the boom of Western Buddhist philology; later chapters focus on the Tête d‟Or, and explore the so called German-Indian Buddhismřs influence in it. At that period Claudel was inspired by the Holy Spirit, but still has doubts about the faith. Tête d‟Or is the embodiment of its swaying between the faithfulness and the scientific materialism. In the drama, Simon Agnel, the resurrected Jesus Christ, returned 7 / 334 师大学博士学文 Abstract hometown, met with Cébès, a friend of childhood and prophet. Obsessed with founding his promised kingdom, Simon declared himself as Tête d‟Or, the Golden head, who killed the king, exiled the princess, and even started an expedition to the East, finally defeated and died. Cébès hadnřt stopped Tête d‟Or, and died of serious illness himself. The creation of God is like Job, and there is no righteousness. The redemption by Christ remains vague and insubstantial, and the efforts of seeking deliverance towards India is also hindered, and humanřs endeavors in the subcelestial universe are void, so how can people get the real salvation? This metaphysical disorientation and dilemma revealed vividly in the drama. The second part is divided into two chapters, one chapter summarizes the state of Buddhism and Taoism in the late Qing Dynasty and Claudeřs understanding and acceptance of them both; the other chapter analysis the specific performance of Claudelřs figurism, which took the Taoism as a form of Catholicism in the Far east and intended to save Chinese Buddhism with the Gospel. As a French diplomat in China, Claudel vigorously criticized the "fallen" Chinese Buddhism, but showed a soft spot for the Taoism. However, he has difficult to distinguish sharply the two systems, and his major interest consists of borrowing the Chinese theosophical elements to enrich him. The theatrical drama Le Repos du Septième jour fabricated an ancient empire who was bothered by the unbearable zombies. The saint emperor couldnřt find any solution from high priest and the spirit of Huangdi, descended to the Buddhist Hell, and finally got the answer in the Gospel of Christ. Then he convicted to the higher God, all the hungry zombies just vanished. He retired into oblivion, and the entire country got blessed. In the third part, one chapter combs the development history of Zen Buddhism and its infiltrations in the literature and art, in the Far East but also towards the West. The other chapter analyzes the Claudiařs Catholic-Zen esthetics contemplation via the poetry, calligraphy, paintings, dramas and other forms of art in Far East. As a French poet-ambassador in Japan, both his career and literary creation stepped into the heyday. Obsessed by the philosophy of Laozi, Laozhuang and Chinese Buddhist 8 / 334 师大学博士学文 Abstract canons, Claudel felt the Zenřs spirit. He found the Maison Franco-japonais which promoted the East and West Buddhist academic exchanges, and he became a Japanese Buddhist aesthetics fans himself. He created an encyclopedic drama in context of the Spanish golden age: Le Soulier de Satin, depicting the great sacrifice and achievement of three faithful Christian lovers, Prouhèze, her Rodrigo, and one other girl Musique. The former couple was inspired by the religious call for Catholicismřs global expansion, abandoned the carnal love but wishing for the combination of souls in Godsř kingdom, kept suffering by each other across the Atlantic; the later girl represented the excellent model of catholic lover, which dedicated all her pious emotions and force for the love and for the Catholic churchřs enterprise against the Ottoman Turks. After suffering hardships without hindrance, Prouhèze die in peace; Rodrigo lost everything in his old age, the king cheated him and demote our hero to