Emergence of Hinduism in Gandhāra an Analysis of Material Culture

Emergence of Hinduism in Gandhāra an Analysis of Material Culture

Emergence of Hinduism in Gandhāra An analysis of material culture Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades eingereicht am Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin Im August 2010 Vorgelegt von Abdul Samad aus Kohat, Pakistan. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Harry Falk. 2. Gutachterin: PD Dr. Ute Franke. Disputation: 24.02.2011 Contents Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Gandhāra – melting pot of cultures ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Gandhāra and Buddhism .................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Gandhāra and Hinduism ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Summary of the previous research work on Hinduism ...................................................................... 4 1.5. Outline of the present research work ................................................................................................ 4 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 7 The initial stage of Hinduism in Gandhāra ........................................................................................... 7 2.1. Literary sources .................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1. Hindu gods in ancient grammatical literature ............................................................................. 7 2.1.2. Hindu Gods in the Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra ..................................................................................... 7 2.1.3. Indian religion in Greek literature ............................................................................................... 9 2.1.4. Changing concepts of Kubera: From a Vedic god to a Buddhist deity ........................................ 9 2.2. Archaeological sources ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. Miniature votive tanks from Gandhāra ..................................................................................... 13 2.3. Numismatical sources ...................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1. Short Note on the Early Coins of Gandhāra .............................................................................. 20 2.3.2. The legacy of Indian “Gymnosophists” through Greek sources ................................................ 23 2.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 29 The Contribution of the Kuṣāṇas to early Hinduism in Gandhāra ........................................................ 29 3.1. The origin of the Kuṣāṇa dynasty ..................................................................................................... 29 3.2. The religious background of the Kuṣāṇas ......................................................................................... 30 3.2.1. The Kuṣāṇas in Bactria ............................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2. The Kuṣāṇas in Gandhāra .......................................................................................................... 31 3.3. The religious policy of Kujula Kadphises....................................................................................... 32 3.4. Innovation under Vima Kadphises ................................................................................................ 33 i 3.5. Experiments of Kaniṣka ................................................................................................................ 33 3.6. Huviṣka and Early Hinduism ......................................................................................................... 34 3.6.1. Important coins of Huviṣka showing Hindu and local deities ................................................... 35 3.7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 36 Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 38 Analyses of the OHÞO image on early Kuṣāṇa coins ........................................................................... 38 4.1. Wēś iconography on Kuṣāṇa coins ................................................................................................... 39 4.2. Elements and sources of the Wēś iconography ............................................................................... 39 4.3. The role of the Scythians in the genesis of Wēś’s iconography ....................................................... 41 4.4. Wēś as Vāyu ..................................................................................................................................... 42 4.5. Wēś as Śiva ....................................................................................................................................... 43 4.6. The development of Wēś images on Kuṣāṇa coinage ...................................................................... 45 4.7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 56 Śiva Iconography in Gandhāra .......................................................................................................... 56 5.1. Images of Gandhāran Śiva ................................................................................................................ 57 5.1.1. Number of heads ....................................................................................................................... 58 5.1.2. Headdress .................................................................................................................................. 61 5.1.3. Eyes ............................................................................................................................................ 62 5.1.4. Arms .......................................................................................................................................... 63 5.1.5. Attire of Śiva .............................................................................................................................. 64 5.1.6. Ornaments of Śiva in Gandhāran iconography ......................................................................... 64 5.1.7. Ithyphallic .................................................................................................................................. 64 5.2. Śiva from Berlin Museum ................................................................................................................. 65 5.3. Umā-Maheśvara ............................................................................................................................... 66 5.4. Śiva image from the Julian Sherrier Collection................................................................................. 68 5.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 68 Chapter 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 71 Viṣṇuism in Gandhāra ....................................................................................................................... 71 ii 6.1. The beginnings: Agathokles coins from Ai-Khanum ......................................................................... 72 6.3. Huviṣka coins with representations of Vaiṣṇava deities .................................................................. 75 6.4. Vasudeva coinage ............................................................................................................................. 76 6.5. Garuḍa .............................................................................................................................................. 77 6.6. Varāha .............................................................................................................................................. 79 6.7. Kṛṣṇa fighting with Keśin .................................................................................................................. 81 6.8. Viṣṇu statue from the Julian Sherrier Collection .............................................................................. 83 6.9. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................

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