The Iranian Press and Modernization Under the Qajars Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Leicester By: Hassan Bashir Centre for Mass Communication Research University of Leicester May 2000 UMI Number: U594525 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U594525 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 Table of Contents Dedication .......................................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgment ...........................................................................................................................6 List of tables...................................................................................................................................7 List of figures................................................................................................................................ 8 Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 10-17 - Preliminary overview.................................................................................... 10 - Research rationale.........................................................................................12 -Aims of study ...................................................................................................14 - Structure of study ........................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 Media and Modernization: Theoretical frameworks.....................................18-52 - Introduction ....................................................................................................18 - Theoretical frameworks................................................................................ 18 - Media and development: An overview .......................................................20 - Lerner’s thesis................................................................................................21 - The Structural thesis.................................................................................... 24 - The internal factors of change.................................................................... 27 - The external factors of change.................................................................... 30 - Interactions of Iran and the West...............................................................31 - The suggested model of study ...................................................................... 35 - Theory of diffusion of innovation ...............................................................38 - Theories of modernization ............................................................................40 - Context of discussion.................................................................................... 43 -Defining ‘tradition’........................................................................................44 - Defining ‘modernization’.............................................................................48 - Modernity in the case of Iran ...................................................................... 49 Chapter 3 Research Methodology.......................................................................................... 53-66 -Introduction .....................................................................................................53 -Purpose and research questions ................................................................... 53 -Methodology.....................................................................................................55 - Quantitative and qualitative discourse ..........................................55 - Quantitative analysis........................................................................56 - Qualitative analysis..........................................................................59 - Discourse analysis............................................................................60 - Procedure of the study .................................................................................. 62 - Documentary and Historical analysis ........................................................ 63 3 - Samples of Newspapers................................................................................ 64 Chapter 4 Iran under the Qajars: Social and political change......................................67-105 - Introduction ....................................................................................................67 - Iran In the 19th century............................................................................... 67 - Iran and the retardation phenomenon ......................................................72 - The Qajar dynasty: Reasons behind its survival ......................................76 - The internal and the external factors of change......................................86 - Governmental attempts at modernization ................................................. 90 - Non-governmental attempts at modernization.........................................95 -The 1st Phase: Astonishment and Admiration .............................97 -The 2nd Phase: Comparison & Analysis .......................................98 -The 3ed Phase: Introduction of modern ideas ...........................100 -The 4th Phase: Social and political confrontation .....................103 -The 5th Phase: Suggestions and solutions ................................ 104 -The 6th Phase: Revolution.............................................................104 Chapter 5 Iranian Journalism and the Role of the Press in Development...............106-156 - Introduction ..................................................................................................106 - Other research............................................................................................. 107 - The art of news-writing in Iran................................................................. 112 - Modern European Newspapers in Iran ...................................................113 - The pioneer Persian newspapers in India ...............................................115 - The emergence of the Iranian press........................................................ 118 - Typological analysis of Kaghaz-e Akhbar...............................................122 - Analysis of the Prospectus..........................................................................124 -The role of government.................................................................. 126 -The role of Information................................................................. 128 -The role of the press........................................................................129 - The Iranian press in exile..........................................................................130 - The Press during the Qajar period ............................................................133 - The Press during Nasir al-Dind Shah’s reign.......................................138 - The press during Muzaffar al-Din Shah’s reign...................................142 - The press during the Constitutional Revolution....................................143 - The role o f media in political development ............................................. 150 -The role of Iranian press in the process ofpolitical development ............................................................................................. 152 Chapter 6 Iranian Intellectuals and the Process of Political Development..............157-176 - Introduction ..................................................................................................157 4 - Iranian intellectuals: Rise and continuity ...............................................157 - Iranian intellectuals: Different assessment........................................... 160 - Iranian intellectuals: Different groups.................................................... 162 - Iranian intellectuals: Significant characteristics and views................165 - The idea of Nationalism ............................................................................. 166 - The idea of freedom and the rights of individuals ................................. 168 - The idea o f ‘Law and Order’ .................................................. 169 - Iranian intellectuals and the modern press ............................................ 171 - Iranian intellectuals and the rise of political discourse. .......................173 Chapter 7 The Analysis of the Newspapers......................................................................177-280 - Introduction ..................................................................................................177