IINTERNATIONAL DDEVELOPMENT NNON--GGOVERNMENT OORGANISATIONS AND PPARTNERSHIP by Barbara Stephens (B..A..) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Sociology School of Social and Political Sciences UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... i Abstract .................................................................................................................... ii List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Partnership Connotations.................................................................................................................... 2 Locating Partnership ............................................................................................................................ 6 Resource Base ..................................................................................................................................... 7 The Aid and Development Sector ........................................................................................................ 9 Parameters of the Research ........................................................................................... 12 Background to the Research .......................................................................................... 13 The Purpose of the Research .......................................................................................... 15 2. Methodology ...................................................................................................... 17 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 17 Research ....................................................................................................................... 18 Theoretical Basis ................................................................................................................................ 18 Design ................................................................................................................................................ 19 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Interview Process ......................................................................................................................... 21 Questions ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 25 3. Literature Review ................................................................................................ 27 The Concept and Practice of Partnership in the Work of International Development Non- Government Organisations (INGOs) ............................................................................................. 27 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 27 The Literature ................................................................................................................ 27 The Problem ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Relevant Literature ............................................................................................................................ 29 Structure of Review ........................................................................................................................... 31 INGO Roots and Contemporary Context ......................................................................... 31 Development Ideology ...................................................................................................................... 32 From Charity to the Aid Industry ....................................................................................................... 35 Third Sector Research ........................................................................................................................ 38 INGOS and Partnership .................................................................................................. 43 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 43 North/South/North Interactions ....................................................................................................... 45 21st Century Interactions ................................................................................................................... 48 Cross-Cultural Relations .................................................................................................................... 53 Using Partner Language ..................................................................................................................... 57 Knowledge, Understanding, and Partnership.................................................................................... 64 Reclaiming Partnership ...................................................................................................................... 70 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 72 4. The Ingos ............................................................................................................ 75 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 75 Save the Children ............................................................................................................................... 77 Oxfam ................................................................................................................................................ 79 Caritas and Christian World Service .................................................................................................. 81 World Vision ...................................................................................................................................... 87 Evangelicalism .............................................................................................................................. 91 TEAR Fund.......................................................................................................................................... 91 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 92 5. INGOs and Partnership: Research Findings ........................................................... 95 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 95 Identified Practices ........................................................................................................ 96 Concepts of Intervention and Reciprocity ....................................................................... 97 Intervention ....................................................................................................................................... 97 Reciprocity ......................................................................................................................................... 98 INGO Practice ............................................................................................................... 101 Interventionist Practices ..................................................................................................................101 Interfere – Obstruct, Impede, Hamper ......................................................................................101 Intrude – Encroach, Infringe .......................................................................................................105 Meddle – Pry, Butt In .................................................................................................................109 The Intentions of INGO Interventions ........................................................................................112 Individuals or Communities? ......................................................................................................116 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................118 Practices of Reciprocity ...................................................................................................................119 Introduction................................................................................................................................119 The Intercultural