WORKING PAPER Importance of the traditional land-use and land-tenure systems of Waraka, Seram Island, Maluku Laure Ducos Working Paper 144 Importance of the traditional land-use and land-tenure systems of Waraka, Seram Island, Maluku Laure Ducos Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Working Paper 144 © 2014 Center for International Forestry Research Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Ducos L. 2014. Importance of the traditional land-use and land-tenure systems of Waraka, Seram Island, Maluku. Working Paper 144. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Cover photo by Laure Ducos. Waraka, Seram Island, Maluku, Indonesia CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all donors who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a list of Fund donors please see: https://www.cgiarfund.org/FundDonors Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Contents Lists of figures and tables iv Summary v Acknowledgments vi List of abbreviations vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Materials and methods 3 2.1 Field site 3 2.2 Theoretical framework 3 2.3 Literature review 5 2.4 Field data collection 5 2.5 Data analysis 7 3 Results 8 3.1 Land tenure system and rights in Indonesia 8 3.2 Land-use planning in Indonesia 9 3.3 Land-use planning and tenure in Waraka: Two territories with two structures of governance 11 3.4 Governmental spatial planning in Waraka’s adat territory 14 3.5 Traditional land-tenure system 18 3.6 Land use 20 3.7 Actors’ network and factors of changes 27 4 Discussion 33 4.1 Land-tenure security 33 4.2 How to reconcile socioeconomic development and environmental preservation 37 4.3 Practical difficulties and limitations of the study 40 5 Conclusion 41 6 References 42 Appendices 1 Questionnaire for FGD 45 2 Full list of the semi-structured interviews used for the study 48 3 Fact sheet: Waraka’s home-gardens 49 4 Fact sheet: Waraka’s food crop fields 50 5 Non-exhaustive list of vegetables that can be found in Waraka farmers’ food crop fields 51 6 Coconut and cocoa production of Waraka’s community 52 7 The remaining production of rubber in Waraka 53 8 Mixed tree gardens of Waraka: Dusun in the lowlands 54 9 Non-exhaustive list of species found in the traditional mixed forest gardens of Waraka’s community 55 10 Sketch profile of the first 7 km of Waraka territory 56 11 Sago (Metroxylon sagu) production in Waraka 57 12 Albisia priangan Lestari (APL): Private logging company 58 13 The PTP Nusantara XIV: A state-owned cocoa, coconut and rubber company 60 Lists of figures and tables Figures 1 Indonesia and CoLUPSIA sites in Kalimantan and Maluku. 2 2 Seram Island, Moluccas. 3 3 From left to right: Houses of Waraka, the raja with the saniri negeri and a view of the coast. 4 4 Institutional analysis and development framework applied to land-tenure security. 4 5 Participatory mapping during a focus-group discussion with men under 35 years old (left) and with Yan (CoLUPSIA partner), members of the saniri negeri and the raja at Waraka, June 2013. 6 6 Spatial planning system in Indonesia. 10 7 Map of adat and administrative territories. 13 8 Adat structure of Waraka. 14 9 Adminsitrative structure of Waraka. 14 10 RTRW-K (provincial spatial plan) of Center Moluccas 2005–2028. 15 11 Forest land category allocation map for Central Seram (SK 415/Kpts-II/1999). 15 12 Simplified map of land use planning in Waraka’s adat territory. 17 13 Prospecting material for local mining in Waraka. 18 14 Land-use map: part of Waraka territory. 21 15 Slash and burn cultivation in Waraka, from forests to dusun. 24 16 Left: Old aong, at the top of a hill; Right: Aong that will be planted with more fruit trees soon. 24 17 Land-use map - part of Waraka’s adat territory. 28 18 Map of the commercial plantations of PTPN XIV on part of Waraka’s administrative territory. 29 19 Negotiations between the community of Waraka and PTPN XIV. Left: The raja sits between the head of adat and the company’s director. Right: Overview of the meeting, with members of the community in traditional clothes and members of the company in front. 36 20 (a) Logging concession (HPH) overlayed on the Digital Elevation Model based on CoLUPSIA data; (b) Zonation for land allocation using 1:50,000 scale topographic maps by the CoLUPSIA project. 39 Tables 1 Main institutions involved in land-use planning policies in Maluku. 11 2 Mean incomes for staple and non-staple food from the Waraka food crop fields. 20 3 Mean income per household for each main crop in Waraka. 22 4 Mean income by income group across villages (IDR/year). 22 5 Mean household income from forest in pilot 4 (IDR/year). 26 6 Mean households income. 26 Summary In Indonesia, natural resources are under pressure both companies within a dual and uncertain legal from both urban development and commercial framework. The methodology in this study is based exploitation. In Seram Island, Maluku, oil palm on the institutional framework analysis developed by plantations are expanding in the north. In the Ostrom (1994) and a preliminary literature review. south of the island, a State-owned cocoa company It also encompasses qualitative interviews. The and a private logging enterprise are exploiting evolution of the land tenure and land-use systems of the vast territory of Waraka, an ancestral village Waraka is related to the strength of adat’s recognition established on the coast. The set of customary laws and the ability of the raja to conduct deals with and principles of this village, locally called adat, both companies. The study finally discusses the is still powerful and is the basis of the traditional possibilities for all stakeholders to manage the land in land tenure and land-use systems. In order to a more sustainable way through the implementation promote the socioeconomical development of his of a tree-nursery program funded by credit carbons community, the king or raja of Waraka interacts with or the use of reduced impact logging practices. Acknowledgments First of all, I am very grateful to Yves Laumonier for in discussing the methodology and the results of organizing this extremely interesting and educational the study. Thanks also to Popi Astriani and Uceu internship for me, and for his supervision in Unangsih who helped me in all my administrative Indonesia. I would like also to thank Maya Leroy, tasks, and to Danan Hadi for his significant support my supervisor at Agroparistech. in cartography. I would also like to thank Tom Silaya (Pattimura I am very grateful to Juliette Mouche from the University) and Professor Purwanto (LIPI), for French Forestry School, for her support, her useful sharing their experience with me and for helping proofreading and her valuable advice. me to get a better understanding of the situation before and during the fieldwork. I also want to thank Last but not least, I am very grateful to the whole Yan Persulessy (TOMA) for his help in conducting community of Waraka and in particular to: RYB participatory mapping. Particular thanks goes to Lailossa (Bapak Raja) and his wife Ibu Rining (Ibu Merlyn Warere, who accompanied me during the Raja), for their warm welcome; Bapak Oceng’s first two weeks of fieldwork and who helped me to family, who hosted me for two months; Bu Yoksan, introduce myself to the community. for helping me with my fieldwork; Ibu Nona’s family for their friendship; and everyone from Waititai, I want to give a warm thank you to Nining Liswanti and the surrounding neighborhood for sharing and Emily Fripp who carried out the socioeconomic their knowledge. I had an amazing work and social survey in Seram, for their patience and their kindness experience thanks to all of these people. List of abbreviations APL Areal Penggunaan Lain – other land-use BAL or UUPA Undang Undang Pokok Agraria – Basic Agrarian Law (1960) BAPPEDA Badan Perencana Pembangunan Daerah – Provincial Development Planning Agencies BAPPENAS Badan Perencana Pembangunan Nasional – National Development Planning Agency BFL Basic Forestry Law BKPH Badan Kemantapan Kawasan Hutan – Forest Mapping Agency BKPRD Badan Koordinasi Penataan Ruang Daerah – Coordinating Board for Regional Spatial Planning BKPRN Badan Koordinasi Penataan Ruang Nasional – Coordinating Board for National Spatial Use Management BUMN Badan Usaha Milik Negara – State-owned company CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CIRAD French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development CoLUPSIA Collaborative land use planning and sustainable institutional arrangements for strengthening land tenure, forest and community rights in Indonesia DPRD Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah – Provincial House of Representatives FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations HGU Hak Guna Usaha – right of exploitation (concession) HPH/IUPHHK-HA Hak Pengusahaan Hutan / Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu – right of forest use (concession) IUPK Ijin Usaha Penebangan Kayu – permit for wood exploitation KAPET Strategic investment plan of Seram Island HL Hutan Lindung – protected forest HP Hutan Produksi – production forest HPT Hutan Produksi Terbatas – limited production forest HTI Hutan Tanaman Industri – industrial forest plantation IRD Research