,â\ soAPS hù \-.-.1' ¿'>/'--'u\ r *gg, Ç DETERGENTS ,' '.-"- iI ' \' /'l'- ''t "*-**'*o'*q-å- þr,-'- COIUTEIUTS , Cleaning products play an essential role in our daily lives. By safely and effectively removing soils, germs HISTORY .........4 and other contaminants, they help us to stay healthy, I care for our homes and possessions, and make our ì surroundings more pleasant. The Soap and Detergent Association (SDA) recognizes that public understanding of the safety and benefits of cleaning products is critical to their proper use. So we've revised Soaþs and Detergents to feature the most current information in an easy-to-read format. This second edition summarizes key developments in the history of cleaning products; the science of how they work; the procedures used to evaluate their safety for people and the environment; the functions of various products and their ingredients; and the most common manufacturing processes. SDA hopes that consumers, educators, students, media, government officials, businesses and others ñnd Soaps and Detergents avaluable resource of information about cleaning products. o ' \o.-. t ¡: 2nd Edition li¡: orpq¿ The Soap ancl Detergent Association I :. I The Soap an4\Detergent Associatidn ^T',-¡ (\ "i' ) t'l T/ j *.'Ò. t., ,,./-t"'\\\,1 ,,! -\. r'í-\ HISTORY r The earlv Greeks bathed for Ð aesthetié reasons and apparently did not use soap. Instead, they I The origins of personal cleanliness cleaned their bodies with blocks of I date back to prehistoric times. Since clay, sand, pumice and ashes, then water is essential for life, the eadiest anointed themselves with oil, and people lived near water and knew scraped off the oil and dirt with a something about its cleansing 11 Records show that ancient metal instrument known as a strigil. properties rr They also used oil with ashes. As Roman civilization advanced, so - at least that Egyptians bathed regularly. The ¿r it rinsed mud off Ebers Papyrus, a medical document Clothes were washed without soap I AiA bathing. The first of rhe famous their hands. from about 1500 8.C., in streams. Roman baths, supplied with water from describes combining their aqueducts, was built about 3l2B.C. animal and vegetable : tr'$ The baths were luxurious, and bathing oils with alkaline salts became very popular. By the second to form a soap-like century 4,D., the Greek physician, Galen, material used for år recommended soap for both medicinal treating skin diseases, fi\ and cleansing purposes. as well as for washing fl\'1' e 467 A.D. and the resulting decline in bathing habits, much of Europe felt the impact of fìlth upon public health. This lack of A soap-like material found 9 personal cleanliness and related <t in clay cylinders during ¡ Soap sot its name. acc( unsanitary living conditions the excavation of ancient O Roman legend, "n.i.ã, contributed heavily to the great Babylon is evidence that Sapo, where animals were plagues of the Middle Ages, and soapmaking was known Rain washed a mixture of melted ¡ At about the same especially to the Black Death of as early as 2800 B.C. Íl fat, or tallow, and wood ashes down time, Moses gave the l4th century. It wasn't until Inscriptions on the the clay soil along the Tiber River. the Israelites detailed the lTth century that cleanliness cylinders say that Women found that this clay mixture laws governing personal and bathing started to come back fats were boiled F cleanliness. He also made their wash cleaner with much "'qt-ì. into fashion in much of Europe. with ashes, which ,ì ÎL,o related cleanliness to less effort. '7 tl. /.d Still there were areas of the is a method of The ancient Germans and Gauls 1r. health and religious medieval wodd where personal making soap, but ""Å are also credited with discovering a purification. Biblical cleanliness remained important. do not refer to the accounts substance called soap, made of goat's suggest that Daily bathing was a common purpose of the "soap." tallow and ashes, that they used the Israelites knew that custom inJapan during the Middle Such materials were their hair red. mixing ashes and oil Ages. And in lceland, pools later used as hair prodtrced a kind of warmed with water from hot styling aids. hair gel. springs were popular gathering places on Saturday evenings. O Soapmaking was an established :, craft in Europe by the seventh century. Soapmaker guilds guarded their trade secrets closely. N9" important to the Commercial soapmaking in the lÁ, Vegetable and animal oils were 1 1 r r advancement oI soap r r American colonies began in 1608 used with ashes of plants, along technology was the mid-1800s with the arrival of several soapmakers on with fragrance. Gradually more invention by the Belgian the second ship from England to reach varieties of soap became available A maior step toward large-scale chemist, Ernest Solvay, of the Jamestown, VA. However, for many lO for shaving and shampooing, as rá commercial soapmaking occurred ammonia process, which also years, soapmaking stayed essentially a well as bathing and laundering. a French chemist, used common table salt, or household chore. Eventually, professional in l79l when patented a process for sodium chloride, to make soda soapmakers began regularly collecting Nicholas Leblanc, making soda ash, or sodium carbonate, ash. Solvay's process further waste fats from households, in exchange salt. Soda ash is the alkali reduced the cost of obtaining for some soap. from common obtained from ashes that combines this alkali, and increased both with fat to form soap. the quality ând quantity The Leblanc process ij-., of the soda ash yielded quantities l', )-t ü available for of good quality, manufacturing i, fl1 i inexpensive --,fl[i soap. soda ash. ¡; These scientifìc r0..*13:n:l;ffffii:ffi1ii. l! dir"ou.ries, together to their ready supply of raw materials such with the development of as oil from olive trees. The English began power to operate factories, making soap during the l2th century. The t> The science of modern made soapmaking one of soap business was so good that in 1622, IJ ,o^p-rking was born some America's fastest-growing KingJames I granted a monopoly to a 20 years later with the discovery bY industries by 1850. At the soapmaker for $100,000 ayear. Well into Michel Eugene Chevreul, another same time, its broad the 19th century, soap v/as heavily taxed French chemist, availability changed soap as a luxury item in several countries. of the chemical from a luxury item to an When the high tax was removed, soap everyday necessity. rl(/ith became available to ordinary people, and Ë"^ï[ffi"'r'ç'*qo this widespread use came cleanliness ':t standards improved. fats, glycerine ].. the development of milder and fatty acids. soaps for bathing and soaps -- l.\ His studies for use in the washing )! machines that were available ''-¿-:/r-z i established the / basis for both fat and to consumers by the turn of f . .J,'' , soap chemistry. the century. The first detergents were used 16 18 chiefly ffi i":iï,,i iåii10.,,.",.', for hand dishwashing Since those early achievements in detergent and builder chemistry, the same t¡ntil 1916, when and the first fìne fabric lat¡ndering. The new product activity has continued to focus on developing synthetic detergent was developed breakthrough in in the development cleaning products that are efficient and easy to use, as well as safe Germany in response to a of detergents Wodd for all-purpose laundry for consumers and for the environment. Here's a summary of some rJlar I-related shortage of fats uses came for in 1946, when the fìrst of those innovations. making soap. Known today simply as "built" detergent (containing a detergents, synthetic detergents are surfactant/builder combination) was non-soap washing and cleaning introduced in the U.S. The surfactant I 950s products that are "synthesized" or put is a detergent product's basic Automatic dishwasher powders together chemically from a variety of cleaning ingredient, while the raw materials. The discovery of builder helps the surfactanr to detergents was also driven by the need work more efficiently. Phosphate for a cleaning agent that, unlike soap, compounds used as bt¡ilders in wot¡ld not combine with the mineral these detergents vastly improved salts in water to form an insolt¡ble performance, 1960s st¡bstance known as soap curd. making them Prewash soil and stain removers .ì--- st¡itable for Iaundry powders with enzymes cleaning heavily '-l\ .J Enzyme presoaks ' soiled laundry. rtr.ll )-'1 1970s Liquid hand soaps Fabric softeners (sheets and wash-cycle added) Multifunctional products (e.g., detergent with fabric softener) t9B0s Detergents for cooler water washing Automatic dishwasher liquids By 1953, sales of detergents in Concentrated laundry powders 19 this country had surpassed those ofsoap. Now detergents have all but replaced soap-based products .¡ Household detergent producrion for laundering, r 7r dishwashing and 1990s in the United States began in the household cleaning. Detergents Ultra (superconcentrated) powder and liquid detergents early 1930s, but did not really take off (alone or in combination with soap) Ultra fabric softeners until after Vorld War IL The war-time are also found in many of the bars Automatic dishwasher gels interruption of fat and oil supplies as and liquids used for personal Laundry and cleaning product refìlls well as the military's need for a cleaning cleansing. agent that would work in mineral-rich sea water and in cold water had ft¡rther stimulat€d research on detergents. Surfactants are classifìed by ANTON|C (NEGAT|VE) their ionic (electrical charge) Þ properties in water: anionic (NO (negative "fD NONTONTC CHARGE) charge), nonionic (no charge), cationic (positive (PostTtvE) charge) and amphoteric (either cATroNrc To understand what is needed to achieve effective cleaning, it is helpful to have positiv€ or negative charge).