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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University M icrdrilm s International 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 8214089 Gaffney, Michael Edward CROSSHANDED: WORK ORGANIZATION AND VALUES IN A NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERY The Ohio Stale University Ph.D. 1982 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 Copyright by Michael Edward Gaffney 1982 CROSSHANDED Work Organization and Values in a Newfoundland Fishery DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Edward Gaffney, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1982 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Ojo Arewa Dr. Chung-Min Chen Dr. Daniel Hughes Department of Anthropology for Lou Svigel dorymate ii AC KNOWLEDGEMENT I and my family would like to thank the people of the South Coast, especially those of Ramea and Grey River, for their assistance in this study and their friendship. iii VITA August 22, 1947 ........ Born - Cleveland, Ohio 1969 .................. B.S., United States Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York 1970 - 1972 ............ Instructor, Department of Nautical Science, United States Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York 1972 .................. M.A., The New School For Social Research, New York, New York 1973 - 1975 ............ Teaching Assistant, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975 - 1977 ............ Research Fellow, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland 1977 - 1978 ............ Assistant Professor, Department of Nautical Science, Maine Maritime Academy, Castine, Ma ine 1978 - 1980 ............ Behavioral Scientist, Eclectech Associates, North Stonington, Connecticut 1981.. ................... Senior Project Manager, Mari­ time Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.c. PUBLICATIONS 1982 Organizational Implications of Reduced Manning in the Liner Trades. Kings Point: National Maritime Research Center. 1981 Bridge Simulation: Trends and Comparisons. Proceedings of 37th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation. Washington : Institute of Navigation. Merchant Marine Personnel Research: Paradigmatic and Cultural Comparisons. Proceedings of the First Inter­ national Shipboard Habitability Design Conference. New York: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. 1979 A Study of Human Resources in Ship Operations. U.S. Maritime Administration, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. The Human Element in Ship Operations. Castine: Center for Advanced Maritime Studies. 1978 The Development Cycle of the Domestic Group on Newfoundland's South Coast. Papers from the Fourth Annual Congress, Canadian Ethnology Society. Richard J. Preston, ed., Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 40, pp 1-18, Ottawa: Mercury Series, National Museum of Man. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Cultural Anthropology Ethnological Theory. Professors Daniel Hughes, John Friedl, and Ojo Arewa Cultural Ecology. Professor Chung-Min Chen Maritime Anthropology. Professor Raoul Andersen v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................. iii VITA .......................................... iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION .......................... 1 The I s s u e ......................... 2 Thesis Structure ............... 9 T h e o r y ........................... 11 South Coast as Culture Area .... 13 Fi e l dw ork......................... 16 II. THE SETTING .......................... 23 Newfoundland ..................... 23 South Coast ....................... 28 III. THE ENVIRONMENT ...................... 35 Effective Environment ............. 37 L a n d ........................... 37 S e a ........................... 45 Perceived Environment ............. 54 IV. HANDLINE .............................. 67 G e a r .............................. 69 P u n t .............................. 71 B a r q u e ........................... 76 Shoalwater Handlining ............. 80 Deepwater Handlining ............. 95 V. T R A W L ................................ 101 B u l t o w ........................... 101 Row D o r y ......................... 114 Motor D o r y ....................... 117 Flying S e t ....................... 119 VI. ORGANIZATION OF WO R K .................... 130 C r e w s ....................... 132 S h a r e s ............................. 138 VII. DOMESTIC G R O U P .......................... 147 Regional Patterns ................... 148 Fish, Boats, and C r e w s ............. 151 Developmental Cycle of the Domestic G r o u p .............................. 154 VIII. MERCHANT RELATIONS ...................... 171 South Coast Economy ................. 174 Merchant as Employer ............. 187 Merchant as P a t r o n ................. 190 Owner as Broker ..................... 198 IX. EPILOGUE ................................ 202 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... 210 vii r \"A O ■fi OF ST. LAWRENCE •;£•£/ &/e, .... GREAT NORTHERN PENINSULA INTRODUCTION Residents Tell Union To Stay Away Residents of the town of Ramea on the south coast of the privince have sent a notice to the Newfound­ land Fish, Food, and Allied Workers Union (NFFAWU) indicating that they don't want the union to come to Ramea. Mayor H.J. Reid of Ramea told the Telegram Tuesday night that the people are nervous that a similar situation will develop in their town as had developed in the nearby town of Bur- geo. About 120 members of the NFFAWU at Burgeo went on strike in June a- gainst Burgeo Fish Industries Ltd. for union security and a new wage and working agreement. However, the comp­ any owner, Spencer Lake later closed down the plant and it appears the town has been torn apart by the dispute. Mr. Reid said last night that a com­ mittee of 10 employees of the fishing company, John Penny and Sons of Ramea, headed by Arch Carter, started up a petition regarding the NFFAWU. He said they visited every household in the community and 700 residents signed the petition, with only six people, two of which were company em­ ployees, refusing to sign the peti­ tion. Only people over school-leaving age were asked to sign. Ramea has a population of about 1300 people. Mr. Reid said the petition indi­ cates that the town of Ramea doesn't want anything at all to do with the NFFAWU. 1 2 The notice has been sent to Rev. Richard McGrath of the NFFAWU, with copies being sent to the union pres­ ident, Richard Cashin; Premier J.R. Smallwood; Opposition Leader Frank Moores; and federal Transport Minister Donald Jamieson. The Telegram St. John's, Newfoundland Why some people or some regions or even nations turn more than others towards cooperative ideas and meth­ ods is not clearly understood nor has it been scientifically studied. Doubtless there are strong elements of cultural background, social tra­ dition, education and leadership in­ volved . D . Snowden The Cooperative Movement In Newfoundland The Issue For more than one reason the Institute of Social and Economic Research recommended Ramea as a site for my re­ search. As an offshore island outport with ice-free harbor, fish processing facility, and small boat and trawler fishing fleets, it matched my requirement of a specialized (one industry) fishing community. But the Is­ land was of interest to the Institute because of its rep­ utation, gained in the years immediately preceeding my 3 fieldwork, as an outpost of anti-unionism. Burgeo, a neighboring settlement on the 'mainland' (Newfoundland proper), had been nearly destroyed by in­ ternal