Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/25780 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Fakih, Farabi Title: The rise of the managerial state in Indonesia : institutional transition during the early independence period. 1950-1965 Issue Date: 2014-05-14 The Rise of the Managerial State in Indonesia: Institutional Transition during the Early Independence Period. 1950-1965. Farabi Fakih The Rise of the Managerial State in Indonesia: Institutional Transition during the Early Independence Period. 1950-1965. PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 14 Mei 2014 klokke 16.15 uur door Farabi Fakih geboren te Jakarta (Indonesia) in 1981 Promotores: Prof. dr. J.L. Blussé van Oud Alblas Dr. J.Th. Lindblad Lay out: Eko Cover design: Uji Nugroho Winardi @2014 Farabi Fakih. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the permission in writing from the proprietor. Acknowledgement The act of writing a PhD dissertation is a very individual process but it is one rarely conducted in solitude. It requires a bevy of social and institutional scaffoldings that would allow the PhD student to maintain intellectual and emotional integrity. As is the case with all students, behind me lies a veritable society of people who have, in each unique way, helped me along a path riddled with confusion, angst, humiliation and ultimately joy and happiness. The strength of one individual is the addition of the support of a community of individuals that have gone out of their way to help. I am so very fortunate to be part of a community that has allowed me to weather adversity and frequent doubts. It was a tortuous, intellectual journey that was hard but ultimately worthwhile. Along the way, I have befriended people whose honesty, integrity and kindness was as central a component as the hard work needed to finish off the project. Living in the Netherlands for seven years has forced upon me challenging perspectives and changed previously long held assumptions. The people below all helped me in various ways. The rules of Leiden University do not allow me to thank my supervisors, Thomas Lindblad and Leonard Blussé. Let me outflank this iron rule by simply describing what both have done for me. The kindness, support and steadfast belief in my ability of dr. Thomas Lindblad,became the rock on which my entire effort was perched. His comments and suggestions were essential. His liberal and broad approach has allowed me to explore new avenues of thoughts. Prof. Leonard Blussé, leader of the Encompass project, has been unrelentingly critical, with no hesitation of using the staff in order to push me further along and, at the same time, limit myself so as not to get viii THE RISE OF THE MANAGERIAL STATE IN INDONESIA lost. I not merely survived his supervision, but came out stronger and more critical because of it. Within the project, Thuy Van Pham has been there with me from day one. Being together in one office and often sharing travels together to various conferences has formed a bond with him but also with his lovely wife and daughter who are both delightfully cheerful persons. The Institute of History at Leiden University has been a welcoming home for the last four years. I want to thank the academic director of the Institute, Dr. Leo Lucassen, and director of research, Dr. P.J. Meel, for being so supportive of my endeavors. A special thanks to Prof. Bambang Purwanto of Gadjah Mada University, whose support from Indonesia is essential to allow me to pursue this path. He was the one who pushed me to pursue the study in history at Leiden and to use this wonderful opportunity to develop my skills. My paranymphs deserve special recognition; Xu Xiaodong and Esther Zwinkels. Thank you so much for all your help. The thesis would not have developed the way it has without the help and intervention of many people. The Institute of History of Leiden University has provided me with an intellectually stimulating environment. The library of the KITLV and its ever helpful librarians was essential for the success of the research. I also would like to thank the library and librarians of the Universiteit Bibliotheek Leiden. I have spent many hours in both these libraries, which practically functioned as a second office. Among those at Leiden University and the KITLV who were most helpful in their suggestions, I should specially mention Prof. Henk Schulte Nordholt, Dr. Gerry van Klinken and Dr. Adriaan Bedner. Parts of this thesis have been presented at various international conferences in Singapore, Canberra, Brussels, Vienna, Glasgow and Surakarta. The Posthumus Institute provided an interesting experience, which helped me concentrate on a clearer trajectory. It also gave me the opportunity to interact with many young and ambitious European scholars. The community of Indonesian scholars in the Netherlands within the ‘counter-revolutionary’ named discussion group of Nekolim deserve a special mention. Many useful and interesting discussions were held there. Special thanks to Dr. Remco Raben, Dr. Marieke Bloembergen, Sanne Ravensbergen and many others. The Australia-Netherlands Research Council (ANRC) has provided me with a grant that allowed me to visit Canberra to participate in a seminar at the ANU in early 2010. I have met with wonderful people there who have given ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ix me suggestions on my preliminary thesis. These include Dr. Robert Cribb, Dr. Matthias Hammer, Dr. Vivek Neelakantan and others. The ‘State and Economy in Modern Indonesia in Comparison’ Conference held in Leiden in 2011 was useful and highly interesting. It was my first experience of acting as a convener of an international conference. I had the pleasure of presenting my thesis and obtained useful feedback and comments from Prof. Anne Booth, Prof. Jan Luiten van Zanden, the late Prof. Thee Kian Wie and many others. Pak Thee also offered help and discussion at his office in LIPI, Jakarta. The people at the Indonesian National Archives (ANRI) were professional and this has been one of the most important locations of my research. Special note to Dr. Mona Lohanda for her kindness, frequent chats and impromptu lunches in Jakarta. I have also had the pleasure of conducting research at the Nationaal Archief in The Hague, the Australia National Archives in Canberra and the Perpustakaan Nasional in Jakarta. In 2006, I came to the Netherlands bereft of any preconceived ideas or friends, as part of the first batch of Encompass group. Living together in the Nieuwe Rijn no. 97 was a solid experience that tested my ability to socialize with people and in the process I obtained great friends and companions. The people at the Encompass group have acted as true friends and great support. This includes the ever diligent ‘tante’ Marijke van Wissen - van Staden, and the coordinators Dr. Alicia Schrikker, Dr. Monique Erkelens, Dr. Carolien Stolte and Dr. Andreas Weber. The impeccable Dutch lessons given by Yolanda Spaans and René Wezel are a treasure that I will keep for the rest of my life. I would also like to thank Dr. Murari Kumar Jha and Bede Moore for the entertaining discussions we’ve had on the third floor. Thanks also to Dr. Abdul Wahid, Nadya Fauziah, Nugie, Li Wen, Nilushi and all the other first batch Encompass students for their companionship. Later batches of Encompass were equally great company. Special thanks to Ariel Lopez, Pimmanus Wibulsilp, Uji Nugroho, Yedda Palemeq, Seng Guo Quan, Hying Jeenmai, Maretta Kartika Sari, Yudi Bachrioktora, Johny Kusyairi, Widaratih Kamiso, Intan Wibisono, Widiarso and Anastasya Wulandari, Jajang Nurjaman, Ravando Lie, Anda Zara, Nguyen Bao Trang, Yulisant Yulianti, Maria Inggrid and many others. The wider Indonesian community of Leiden students was also there right from the beginning, to provide emotional and communal support. This includes the membership of the Indonesian student union (PPI). I’d like to x THE RISE OF THE MANAGERIAL STATE IN INDONESIA thank all of you for being a true friend. My apologies if I may not be able to name all of you., but let me try to thank a few people personally: Dr. Tri Laksmana, Icha Prabawaningtyas, Dr. Sri Margana, Angela Soewono, Dr. Tita Listyowardoyo, the late Dr. Muridan Widjojo, Enira Ella, Iwan Kustiawan, Dr. Ariadi Nugroho, Marvianti Hestikartika, Luis Basri, Dr. Aprilianto Eddy Wiria, Alida Tadjoedin, Ahmad Anfasul Marom, Adrianto Dwi Nugroho, Putu Raditya Nugraha, Emil Elisa, Anggie Primadini, Riri Ruslan, Julinta Hutagalung and Frank, Linda Savirani, Herlambang P. Wiratman, Zaifuddin Zuhri and Ima Rhomayda, Muhammad Latif Fauzi, Riri Pradnyadewi, Ahmad Nuril Huda, Dr. Yanwar Pribadi, Dr. Hilman Latif, Donna I.F., Mark Philip Stadler, Dr. Tom Hoogervorst, Rianne Subijanto and Nick Williams. I have also experienced the generosity of various people who have helped me in time of need. TheKepala Desa of Leiden, Sardjio Mintardjo or affectionately called Pak Min, is a towering father figure to all the Indonesian students in Leiden. Aside from the numerous large gatherings with discussions and lunch/dinner held at his house in Oegstgeest, he has also helped me tremendously in times of need. He and many members of the community of ‘exiled’ Indonesian within Sapu Lidi were supportive; Pak Kuslan was kind to receive me at his house in Woerden. Tante Dewi Suralaga, Oom Pieter and Irfan have been so kind to provide me with a room at their lovely home in Scheveningen and supported me in the last days of my stay in the Netherlands.