University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1972 China problem in relation to the United Nations Charles Joseph Gallus The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Gallus, Charles Joseph, "China problem in relation to the United Nations" (1972). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1794. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1794 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CHINA PROBLEM IN RELATION TO THE UMTED NATIOIS By Charles J. Callus B.A., Carroll College, I969 Presented in partial fulfillraent of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVEBSITY OP MOUTJiNA 1972 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners UMI Number: EP34454 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT OiMMtation PkMWing UMI EP34454 Publi' .led by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 PREt^ACE The follovring thesis deals v/ith the "China problem" in relation to the United Nations. Its general intent is to provide a survey of the development of this international diplomatic enigiria in the world orga.ni2a- tion, from its origin in 1949 its current status in 1972, including the 1971 General Assemhly vote, v;herehy the People's Republic of China was admitted to membership in the UN, and Nationalist China was expelled therefrom. Also, the thesis will advance two moderate proposals, de­ lineated in Chapter Five, for the resolution of the problem. The methodology employed by the thesis is basically a traditional review of what may be considered the major historical, political, and legal aspects of the China problem in the United Nations. The focus of the thesis is chiefly on the General Assembly and the Secxirity Council, the major UN organs affected by the problem. The thesis is subdivided into five chapters. Chapter Or^e deals with the origin of the China problem in the United ITations as it vras rooted in the civil war betvveen the Chinese Nationa-lists under General­ issimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communists under Chairman Jiao Tse-tung. Chapter Tvvo surveys the chronological history of the Chir^a prob- leTO in the United Na,tions, e:ctending from 1949 to 1972. This history has been characterized by the follo^.'ing major trends: denials of rep­ resentation for CorTiHiunist China through postponement resolutions in the years 195'!'1960} through the two-thirds rulsi Resolution 1668 (XVl) i from 1961-1970» invoked by the United States, Taiv;an, and their allies in the General Assembly; and the admission of Red China to, and the ex­ pulsion of Nationalist China from, the UIT in October, 1971* Chapter Three examines vjhat might have been considered, prior to October 25» 19T1 f "the major political and legal issues of the China problem in the United Nations. The major political issues of the prob­ lem, prior to Red China's admission to the UI^T in 1971» i^ay be listed as five in number; l) the representation of 800 million to one billion mainland Chinese in the UN; 2) the exclusion of Red China as a sore point in relations between the Communist nations and the non-Communist nations, especially the nations of the Ifest; 3) the recognition cf Com­ munist China's rise to the forefront of international politics as the "third" nuclear povxer, after the United States a,nd the Soviet Union; 4) the displeasure of the neutralist, non-aligned, and developing na­ tions at the denial of Peking's rights in the Ull; and 5) "the American pursuit of U.S. national interests in the UK. The major legal issties of the China problem in the United Nations, prior to October 25, 1971 > were many in number and complex in nature, and can best be described in terras of their relationships to various theoretical and organizational aspects, such as; l) interriational law; 2) the "two-Chinas" theory; 3) the UN Charter; 4) "the UN General Assembly; and 5) UN Security Council. Chapter Pour considers some of the major political and legal issues of the China problem in the United Nations, which may or may not have been resolved by the admission of Red China to, and the expulsion of Kation-ilist China from, the world body in 1971 • The major political issues chosen for examination correspond with the five major political issues listed above. The major legal issues chosen for examination in­ clude: 1/ effective authority over China; 2) the existence of tv;o competing Chinese governments', Communist and Nationalist; 3) the ability of Communist China to meet the qualifications for UN membership as spelled out in Article 4 of "the UN Charter; 4) "the right of both Peking and Taivran to be represented in the General Assembly; and 5) Taiv/an's status as a great pov/er. Also, Chapter Pour offers several projections on the China problem for 1972 and the near future. These include the possibility of the continuation of the nevr status quo (Red China rep­ resented in the UlT and Nationalist China not); the state of Sino- American relations in 1972 and the near future; some of the possible political and legal consequences of Communist Chinese representation in the UlT; and some general effects of Communist China's presence on the UN Organisation as a vjhole. Chapter Five outlines the three major vrays, or mathods, the China problem in the United Nations might be resolved. One is a return to the old status quo, which ma,y be rejected as untenable, because Com­ munist Ch"vna has become a reality that has to be reckoned vrith. A second is the continuation of the new status quo, which may be rejected a,s equally ixntenable as the first, because Nationalist China served the UN v;ith quiet honor e^nd loyalty from 1945 "to 1971 • The third is a moderate proposal, v/hich appears to have the support of the I966 United Nations Association National Policy Panel Report, the 1971 Lodge Com­ mission, and individual scholars and v;riters. It embodies the tvra ma.jor proposals advanced in Chapter Five of the thesis for the resolution of the China problem in the United Nations. These are; 1) that} for the present, Red China be allowed to retain both its General Assembly and Security Council seats, but that, at a :,ater date, the Security Counci 1 be expanded, through irapoi*tant revision of the United Nations Cha.rter, to include other nations representative of Asia, as permanent members, such as India and Japan; and 2) that, for the present, Nationalist China be readjnitted to the General Assembly as the Republic of China. I am indebted to the following people for assistance in v/riting the thesis; to Dr. Forest L. Grieves, of the political science depart­ ment and the chairman of my thesis committee; to Dr. Leo B. Lott, the chairman cf the University of Montana political science department and a member of my thesis committee; to Dr. Frank 3. Bessac, of the anthro­ pology department and a member of my thesis committee; to Dr. John H. Stev;art, the dean of the University of Montana graduate school; to the embassy of the Republic of China and to Senator Kike Mansfield, both of whom supplied me with pertinent data from V/ashington, D.C.; and tc Mrs.- Don Berg, who typed the manuscript so patiently and so efficiently. V TABLE OP COTJTEl'TTS CHAPTER ONE; ORIGIN OF TPIE CHINA PROBLEM IN THE UNITED NATIONS 1 latroductory Statement 1 Impact of Chiang and Mao 5 Impact of Chiang ..... 5 Impact of Mao 7 Impact of the Chinese Communist Revolution . 9 Present Realities . 13 Summary 26 Tl-ro: CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE CHINA PROBLEM IN THE UNITED nations . 27 Early History of the China Problem in the U.K.: 195^""'95'' 27 Later History of the China Problem in the U.N.: 1951-'59^>0 43 Recent History of the China Prohlem in the U.K.; 1961-1970 57 1971 U.N. General AssemTjly Vote on China 68 Stuiunary 70 THREE: POLITICAL AIID LEGAL ISSUES OF THE CHINA PROBLEM IN TliS UNITED NATIOJJS 71 Political Issues 71 Legal Issues and Their Relations to Various Theoretical and Organizational Aspects 84 Summary 101 POUR: CURRENT STATUS OP THE CHINA PRCBLEI4 IN THE UNITED NATIOl® . 103 Major Political Issues 103 Major Legal Issues .108 Projections for 1972 and the Near Future 112 Summary 122 FIVE; CONCLUSION 125 Possible Solutions to the China Problem in the U.N. 126 Major Recommendations 129 Suramary and Concluding Statement 137 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY I4I vi CHAPTER OKE ORIGIN OF THE CHINA PROBLEM IN THE UNITED MTIO!JS Introductory Statement One of the most perplexing and unique questions in the history of the United Nations has been the question of the representation of China.