SCRREEN Coordination and Support Action (CSA) This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227. Start date : 2016-12-01 Duration : 30 Months www.scrreen.eu Production technologies of CRM from primary Authors : Dr. Jason YANG (GTK), Xianfeng Hu (MEFOS), Lena Sundqvist (MEFOS), Johan Eriksson (MEFOS), Elina Yli-Rantala (VTT), John Bacher (VTT), Michal Drzazga (IMN), Teodora Retegan (Chalmers) SCRREEN - D4.1 - Issued on 2018-01-31 12:48:29 by GTK SCRREEN - D4.1 - Issued on 2018-01-31 12:48:29 by GTK SCRREEN - Contract Number: 730227 Solutions for CRitical Raw materials - a European Expert Network Dimitrios Biliouris Document title Production technologies of CRM from primary Dr. Jason YANG, Xianfeng Hu (MEFOS), Lena Sundqvist (MEFOS), Johan Eriksson Author(s) (MEFOS), Elina Yli-Rantala (VTT), John Bacher (VTT), Michal Drzazga (IMN), Teodora Retegan (Chalmers) Number of pages 267 Document type Deliverable Work Package WP4 Document number D4.1 Issued by GTK Date of completion 2018-01-31 12:48:29 Dissemination level Public Summary In this deliverable (D4.1) the relevant production lines of CRMs, including production, applications, primary resources for production and main industrial actors, are identified. Flow sheets of mineral and metallurgical processing are analysed and recognized, and further the main challenges related to CRM recovery techniques are discussed. Additionally, the mining tailings and processing residues are characterized. Approval Date By 2018-01-31 12:57:08 Mrs. Marjaana KARHU (VTT) 2018-02-14 17:34:55 Mr. Stéphane BOURG (CEA) SCRREEN - D4.1 - Issued on 2018-01-31 12:48:29 by GTK Production Technologies of CRM from Primary Resources SCRREEN D4.1 Jason Yang (GTK) Contributors: CHROMIUM, COKING COAL, NATURAL GRAPHITE, MAGNESIUM, SILICON METAL, VANADIUM: Xianfeng Hu, Lena Sundqvist and Johan Eriksson (MEFOS) GALLIUM: John Bacher (VTT) NATURAL RUBBER, PHOSPHATE ROCK, PHOSPHORUS: Elina Yli-Rantala (VTT) BARYTE, PLATINUM-GROUP METALS (PGMs), RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REE), SCANDIUM, TUNGSTEN: Jason Yang (GTK) ANTIMONY, COBALT, GERMANIUM, INDIUM: Michał Drzazga (IMN) BERYLLIUM, BORATES, FLUORSPAR, TANTALUM, BISMUTH, HAFNIUM, HELIUM: Teodora Retegan (Chalmers) January 2018 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227 SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 1 CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 11 2 ANTIMONY .................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 12 2.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 12 2.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION ...................................................................................................... 13 2.3 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 19 3 BARYTE .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 20 3.1.1 BARYTE, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS .................................................................................. 20 3.1.2 PRIMARY RESOURCES FOR BARYTE PRODUCTION ........................................................................ 21 3.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 22 3.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 22 3.3 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 24 4 BERYLLIUM .................................................................................................................................................... 26 4.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 26 4.1.1 PRODUCTION FROM PRIMARY SOURCES ...................................................................................... 26 4.1.2 PRODUCTION FROM SECONDARY SOURCES ................................................................................. 26 4.1.3 APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 26 4.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 27 5 BISMUTH ....................................................................................................................................................... 28 5.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 28 5.1.1 OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 28 5.1.2 USES .............................................................................................................................................. 28 5.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 28 6 BORATES........................................................................................................................................................ 29 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227 SCRREEN D4.1|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 2 6.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 29 6.1.1 WORLD RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 29 6.1.2 MAIN USES .................................................................................................................................... 29 6.2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 30 7 CHROMIUM ................................................................................................................................................... 31 7.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 31 7.1.1 CHROMIUM, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS .......................................................................... 31 7.1.2 PRIMARY RESOURCES and Chromite ............................................................................................. 31 7.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 33 7.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 33 7.2.2 METALLURGICAL PROCESSING ...................................................................................................... 34 7.3 PRIMARY VALUE CHAIN, IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY RESOURCES AND LOSS OF CHROMIUM INTO THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................. 38 7.4 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 39 8 COBALT .......................................................................................................................................................... 41 8.1 PRODUCTION LINES OF IDENTIFICATION FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES ............................................... 41 8.2 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RECOGNITION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 42 8.2.1 MINERAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 42 8.2.2 METALLURGICAL EXTRACTION ...................................................................................................... 44 8.3 MINE TAILINGS AND RESIDUES PROCESSING AND POTENTIAL UTILIZATIONS ..................................... 47 8.3.1 PROCESSING .................................................................................................................................. 47 8.3.2 POTENTIAL UTILIZATIONS ............................................................................................................. 48 8.4 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 48 9 COKING COAL ...............................................................................................................................................