creole language library 51 Afro-Peruvian Spanish Spanish slavery and the legacy of Spanish Creoles Sandro Sessarego john benjamins publishing company Afro-Peruvian Spanish Creole Language Library (CLL) issn 0920-9026 A book series presenting descriptive and theoretical studies designed to add significantly to the data available on pidgin and creole languages. All CLL publications are anonymously and internationally refereed. For an overview of all books published in this series, please see http://benjamins.com/catalog/cll Editors Miriam Meyerhoff Umberto Ansaldo Victoria University of Wellington The University of Hong Kong Editorial Advisory Board Mervyn C. Alleyne Pieter Muysken Kingston, Jamaica Nijmegen, The Netherlands Marlyse Baptista Peter Mühlhäusler Ann Arbor, USA Adelaide, Australia George L. Huttar Shobha Satyanath Dallas, USA Delhi, India John Holm John Victor Singler Coimbra, Portugal New York, USA Silvia Kouwenberg Norval Smith Kingston, Jamaica Amsterdam, The Netherlands Susanne Michaelis Sarah G. Thomason Leipzig, Germany Ann Arbor, USA Salikoko S. Mufwene Tonjes Veenstra Chicago, USA Berlin, Germany Volume 51 Afro-Peruvian Spanish. Spanish slavery and the legacy of Spanish Creoles by Sandro Sessarego Afro-Peruvian Spanish Spanish slavery and the legacy of Spanish Creoles Sandro Sessarego University of Texas, Austin John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. doi 10.1075/cll.51 Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from Library of Congress: lccn 2015029384 (print) / 2015034183 (e-book) isbn 978 90 272 5275 3 (Hb) isbn 978 90 272 6776 4 (e-book) An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access isbn for this book is 978 90 272 6776 4. © 2015 – John Benjamins B.V. 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John Benjamins Publishing Company · https://benjamins.com Per il mio amico Bill Table of contents List of figures xi List of tables xiii Acknowledgments xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 Objectives of this study 2 1.3 Data collection 3 1.4 Organization of the volume 3 CHAPTER 2 The Spanish creole debate 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Did the Spanish creoles decreolize? 6 2.3 The lack of Spanish creoles in the Caribbean: Demographic and economic factors 10 2.4 The lack of Spanish creoles on the Mainland: The Afrogenesis Hypothesis 13 2.5 The lacep of this study in the Spanish creole debate 21 CHAPTER 3 A description of Afro-Peruvian Spanish grammar 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Peruvian Spanish varieties 23 3.2.1 Andean highlands 24 3.2.2 Lima/central coast 24 3.2.3 Northern coast 25 3.2.4 Southern coast / south-western Andean region 25 3.2.5 Amazonian lowlands 25 3.3 A phonetic account of Afro-Peruvian Spanish 26 3.3.1 Vowels 26 3.3.2 Consonants 30 3.3.3 Intonation patterns 39 viii Afro-Peruvian Spanish 3.4 Afro-Peruvian Spanish morpho-syntax 40 3.4.1 Noun Phrase 40 3.4.2 Verb Phrase 48 3.4.3 Prepositional Phrase 53 3.4.4 Phrase-level constructions 55 3.5 Lexical items in Afro-Peruvian Spanish 59 3.6 A final note on Afro-Peruvian Spanish grammar 61 CHAPTER 4 The status of Afro-Peruvian Spanish 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Creoles as Interlanguages 65 4.3 The roposalp 66 4.4 The fro-HispanicA varieties of the Americas 67 4.5 Afro-Peruvian Spanish as an advanced conventionalized second language 71 4.6 A final note on the status of Afro-Peruvian Spanish and other Afro-Hispanic contact varieties 77 CHAPTER 5 Black slavery in Peru 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Slavery in the Spanish world before and during the American conquest 80 5.3 Conquest and colonization (1530–1650) 81 5.4 Second phase (1650–1776) 97 5.5 Third hasep (1776–1970) 111 5.6 Sugar plantations in Chincha 113 CHAPTER 6 Solving the Spanish creole puzzle: The legal hypothesis of creole genesis 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 The Legal Hypothesis of Creole Genesis, a synopsis 120 6.2.1 Roman slave law 121 6.2.2 Spanish slave law 123 6.2.3 English slave law 126 6.2.4 French slave law 129 6.2.5 Dutch slave law 131 6.2.6 Portuguese slave law 133 Table of contents ix 6.3 How did legal personality affect Spanish slaves’ living conditions? 134 6.3.1 Historical remarks on Spanish slavery in the Americas 135 6.3.2 The legal practice of Spanish slavery 139 6.3.3 Back to Peru 145 6.3.4 Three case studies to test the Legal Hypothesis of Creole Genesis 147 6.3.4.1 Cuba 147 6.3.4.2 Barbados and South Carolina 150 6.3.4.3 Chocó 152 6.4 The Legal Hypothesis of Creole Genesis in the context of Afro-European contact varieties in the Americas 156 CHAPTER 7 Concluding remarks 159 References 163 Index 177 List of figures Figure 1.1 Overhead view of Chincha, Peru (adopted from: <https://www.google.com/ maps/@-10.9603117,-75.8046736,6z>) 2 Figure 3.1 Multiple early-aligned peaks and minimal downstep across non-exclamatory non-focused declaratives 40 Figure 3.2 Gender agreement evolution in APS 45 Figure 4.1 A continuum of outcomes involving degrees of substrate and L2 input (Winford 2000: 216) 64 Figure 4.2 The fro-HispanicA regions of Latin America (Klee & Lynch 2009: 6, adopted from Perl & Schwegler 1998: 3) 68 Figure 5.1 A Spanish conquistador with his black servant (Guman Poma de Ayala 1615) 83 Figure 5.2 A black servant helping a Spanish corregidor de indios punish a native (Guman Poma de Ayala 1615) 86 Figure 5.3 Slave trade routes to Peru (adapted from <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/ maps/americas/latin_america.gif>) 89 Figure 5.4 A pregonero selling bread (Periodismo en el Perú 2012) 90 Figure 5.5 Slave purchases (1770–1801) (Flores Guzmán 2003: 22) 99 Figure 5.6 Jesuit haciendas in coastal Peru (Cushner 1980: ii) 109 Figure 5.7 Overhead view of San Regis, San José, El Guayabo and El Carmen (adapted from: <https://www.google.com/maps/@-13.5047264,-76.0683455,15z>) 115 List of tables Table 2.1 Distribution of the estimated slaves in Spanish America (Clements 2009: 70) 12 Table 3.1 Cross-generational variable rule analysis of the contribution of internal factors to the probability of lack of gender agreement in Afro-Peruvian Spanish (Total = 2455; Log likelihood = –210.896; Total Chi-square = 5.2353; Chi-square/cell = 0.8725; Significance = 0.000; Input = 0.007) 44 Table 4.1 Five commonly reported Afro-Hispanic features traditionally ascribed to a previous creole stage 69 Table 4.2 Common Afro-Hispanic features found in Afro-Peruvian Spanish 70 Table 5.1 Biography of Juan García (Restall 2000: 186) 84 Table 5.2 Biography of Juan Valiente (Restall 2000: 187) 84 Table 5.3 Countries of origin of a sample of slaves sold in Lima (1560–1650) (Bowser 1974: 73) 88 Table 5.4 Population demographics for Lima in 1600 (Bowser 1974: 340) 92 Table 5.5 Population demographics for Lima in 1614 (Bowser 1974: 340) 92 Table 5.6 Population demographics for Lima in 1619 (Bowser 1974: 340) 92 Table 5.7 Population demographics for Lima in 1636 (Bowser 1974: 341) 92 Table 5.8 Population demographics for Lima in 1636 (Bowser 1974: 95) 96 Table 5.9 Demographic figures for the city of Potosí (Crespo 1995: 28) 96 Table 5.10 Average growth of slave population in the eight major haciendas, 1665–1767 (Cushner 1980: 89) 106 Table 5.11 Slaves’ births and deaths in four haciendas (Cushner 1980: 102) 107 Table 6.1 Slaves sold in Popayán 1690–1789 (% according to their age) (Colmenares 1997: 36) 154 Acknowledgments I owe the completion of this book to several people who supported me in a va- riety of ways during its preparation. I wish to thank all the Afro-Peruvians who helped me during my fieldwork in Chincha in the winter of 2012. In particular, I owe my gratitude to Rolando Palma Quiroz, who introduced me to many elderly Afro- Peruvian speakers. Fundamental for my investigation was the support of Alessandro Garro and Jocelyne Couchy, two friends I met in Peru during my stay. I received valuable help by María del Carmen Cuba, who generously pro- vided me with a copy of her book on Chincha Spanish, El Castellano Hablado en Chincha. I am very grateful for the comments made by reviewers of the first drafts of this study and of several related articles, which have appeared in specialized journals such as Iberia, Spanish in Context, and the Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Among them were Armin Schwegler, John Lipski, José Andrés-Gal lego and John McWhorter. Several ideas included in this book have emerged during informal conversations I had with other scholars and friends such as Peter Bakker, Eeva Sippola, Danae Pérez-Inofuentes, Laura Álvarez López, Donald Winford, Fernando Tejedo, David Korfhagen, Tonjes Veenstra, Francesco Caviglia, Daniela Salcedo, Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach, Melvin González-Ri vera, Letania Ferreira, Carlo and Sergio Paolessi, Cathy Stafford, Diana Frantzen, Magda Davoli, Magda Ahmed, Irene Muzio, Rafael Orozco, Jeremy King, Rey Romero, Lisa Philip, Keith Vetter, Franco Scarano, Pablo Gómez, Elena D’Onghia, Ksenija Bilbija, Humberto and Lilia Valdez, Ian Williamson, Grant Armstrong, Mario Loyola, Loredana Comparone, Alicia Cerezo Paredes, Aaron Tate, Francesco Mangano, Severino Albuquerque, Luca Bacchini, Pierpaolo Ianni, Massimiliano Gambardella, Giovanni Cristina, Paola and Carlo Forte, Luca Sessarego, Terrell Morgan, Rajiv Rao, Michel DeGraff and Juanito Ornelas de Avelar.