Holger Svensson CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES 40 Years of Experience Worldwide Holger Svensson CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES 40 Years of Experience Worldwide Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Holger Svensson Consulting Engineer Niederlausitzstraße 22 15738 Zeuthen Germany [email protected] Translated by: Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Holger Svensson, Zeuthen, Germany Prof. Dr. Guido Morgenthal, Weimar, Germany (sections on dynamics) Review and Improvement: Paul Beverley, U.K. Cover: Helgeland Bridge over Leirfjord, Sandnessjøen, Norway © Helga Rutzen, Düsseldorf, Germany © 2012 Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Verlag für Architektur Library of Congress Card No.: applied for und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Rotherstr. 21, 10245 Berlin, Germany British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by Production: HillerMedien, Berlin, Germany the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Coverdesign and Layout: Sophie Bleifuß, Berlin, Germany The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Typesetting: Uta-Beate Mutz, Leipzig, Germany Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is Printing: Medialis, Berlin, Germany available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>. Binding: Stein + Lehmann, Berlin, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany. languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – Printed on acid-free paper. by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission Print ISBN: 978-3-433-02992-3 from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this ePDF ISBN: 978-3-433-60229-4 book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be oBook ISBN: 978-3-433-60104-4 considered unprotected by law. Dedicated to my revered Mentor Prof. Fritz Leonhardt and my dear wife Meg in appreciation of their support 5 Introduction Cable-stayed bridges are currently in a fast development, worldwide. have been designed in accordance with various codes, including DIN, While in 1986 about 150 major cable-stayed bridges were known, Eurocode, AASHTO, British Standard and others. The governing their number has increased to more than 1000 today. Their spans factor for the designs are ultimately the laws of nature which are have also increased by leaps. From 1975, when the span record was identical worldwide. 404 m, it jumped to 856 m in 1995 and today has reached 1104 m. A The selection of the cable-stayed bridges highlighted here is quite span limit is not yet in sight, and there are already designs for cable- subjective and consists of: stayed bridges with main spans up to 1800 m. As the economic range – bridges in which the author participated or in which at least for suspension bridges is limited for very long spans, cable-stayed Leonhardt, Andrä and Partners (LAP) were involved, bridges are a focus of interest for bridge engineers worldwide. – bridges with unusual structural details, and This book addresses experienced engineers as well as students. It – bridges with record spans. has been developed from the scripts of the ‘Lectures on cable-stayed In general only completed bridges are treated. The discussion of pro- bridges’, which have been given by the author at the University of posals, as interesting as they may be, would go beyond the scope of Dresden for the 7th and 8th semester for bridge engineering students this book. since 2009. The book contains nearly 1300 figures, mainly in color, in accord- It aims to cover all aspects of the design, construction planning ance with the conviction of the author that a good picture is more and execution on site, dealing with principles that appear important meaningful than any description. This is especially true for the ap- to the author, based on his 40-year experience as a bridge engineer. pearance and for the construction. Additional details are given in the nearly 350 references. The author has named the engineers involved in as many bridges Key aspects of the book are: as possible. This should help to improve the public standing of engin- – the historical development from precursors up to the present day, eers which is otherwise often neglected. The responsible engineers – the structural details of beams, towers and especially the stay are also recognized as authors of the given references. A bridge is, of cables which are a crucial component of cable-stayed bridges, course, never the work of an individual – a whole design team is re- – the preliminary design of cable-stayed bridges which provides the quired, which works in mutual trust with the engineers of the client best understanding of the flow of forces and permits initial sizing and with the engineers on site in order to successfully complete a and independent checking of a design, and bridge project. – the erection of cable-stayed bridges, which is equally as important At the end of the book two DVDs are included, which record the as their final stage. 30 lectures that the author gives at Dresden University. With the exception of the cable sizing, codes are consciously not referred to. The investigated bridges are from all over the world and Holger Svensson, Zeuthen, 2012 Cable-Stayed Bridges. 40 Years of Experience Worldwide. First Edition. Holger Svensson. © 2012 Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. Published 2012 by Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. 6 7 Acknowledgement The author is grateful to the University of Dresden for the oppor- (Freyssinet, France), Dr. Christian Braun (Maurer, Germany), tunity to hold lectures on cable-stayed bridges subsequently to his Dr. Marcel Poser (BBR, Switzerland), Mr Friedhelm Rentmeister active work, initially arranged by Professor Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Stritzke. (Bridon, UK) and Dr. Yoshito Tanaka (Shinko, Japan). The other The continuing support by Professor Dr.-Ing. Manfred Curbach, material used, especially drawings and photographies, originates Head of the Institute for Concrete Structures, and by Professor from the archives of the author and LAP. Dr.-Ing. Richard Stroetmann, Head of the Institute for Steel and Special thanks go to the author’s long-term colleagues and friends Timber Structures, as well as Dipl.-Ing. Peter Deepe and Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. Imre Kovacs for the preparation of the sections on dynam- Uwe Reuter for the preparation of the video records of the lectures is ics and Dr.-Ing. E. h. Dipl.-Ing. Reiner Saul for the section on cable highly appreciated. sizing. The author is indebted to the following colleagues who generous- The publishers Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn and Wiley-Blackwell pro- ly provided him with information: Dr. Charles Birnstiel, USA, on the vided helpful support through the editor, Dipl.-Ing. Claudia Ozimek, Nienburg Bridge, M. Jacques Combault on the Rion-Antirion Bridge, supported by Ms. Sophie Bleifuß for the layout and Ms. Uta-Beate M. Jean-Marie Crémer on the Ben Ahin and Millau Bridges, Profes- Mutz for preparing the print. sor Dr. Guido Morgenthal on the Stonecutters and Sutong Bridges, The author translated the book into English himself with the ex- Dr.-Ing. Herbert Schambeck on the Metten and Flößer Bridges, ception of the sections on dynamics, which were done by Professor Dr.-Ing. Klaus Stiglat on early cable-stayed bridges in France and Dr. Guido Morgenthal. The translation was reviewed and improved M. Michel Virlogeux on the Normandy Bridge. Information on stay by Mr Paul Beverley, UK. The complete German and English text cables was provided by Dipl.-Ing. Werner Brand (DYWIDAG-Sys- was typed by Ms. Eva Gassmann and all graphics and their conver- tems International, Germany), Mr W. S. Cheung (Cabletek, South- sion into English was done by Ms. Mirela Beutel-Anistoroaiei; to all Korea), Dr. Hans Rudolf Ganz (VSL, Switzerland), M. Erik Mellier these the author is grateful for their indispensable skill and patience. Cable-Stayed Bridges. 40 Years of Experience Worldwide. First Edition. Holger Svensson. © 2012 Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. Published 2012 by Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. 9 The Author Holger Svensson has extensive experience in the design, construc- tion engineering and on-site supervision of cable-stayed and other long-span bridges all over the world. In Germany he was involved in the checking of the Kocher Valley Bridge and the detailed design of the cable-stayed Flehe Bridge. In the USA he designed several cable-stayed bridges: Pasco- Kennewick (concrete), East Huntington (concrete), Sunshine Skyway (composite alternate), Burlington (composite) and the Houston Ship Channel Crossing at Baytown (composite). In Norway he was in charge of the design for the Helgeland Bridge and in Scotland he advised on the design of the Leven River Bridge, both concrete cable-stayed bridges. In Sweden he was checking engineer for the Höga Kusten suspen- sion bridge (main span 1210 m) and the Sunningesund and Ume Älv Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Holger Svensson composite cable-stayed bridges. P E, C Eng, FI Struct E, In Australia he advised on the design of the cable-stayed Glebe born 1945 near Hamburg, Germany Island concrete bridge in Sidney and on the My Tuan Bridge in 1969 Dipl.-Ing., Stuttgart University Vietnam for AusAID. 2009 – 2011 Lecturer and For the Asian Development Bank he reviewed the design and since 2012 Professor for cable- stayed bridges at the University construction of the record-breaking cable-stayed composite Yang Pu of Dresden, Germany Bridge (main span 602 m) in Shanghai, China. In Hong Kong he advised on the design and construction of the 1970 – 1971 Contractor Grinaker in South Africa and Botswana Kap Shui Mun Bridge to Lantau Airport. 1972 – 2009 Leonhardt, Andrä and He was also responsible for the design of several major girder and Partners, Consulting Engineers arch bridges in Germany and elsewhere. Design and checking of major, mainly cable-stayed bridges 1992 – 2009 Executive Director Registrations 1998 – 2008 Speaker of the Current: Member of the Chamber of Engineers in Berlin, Germany; Executive Board 2009 Chairman of the Board PE in the USA; CEng, FIStructE in Great Britain.