OccAsioNAl PApERS/ REpRiNTS SERiEs iN CoNTEMpORARY AsiAN STudiEs NUMBER 5 - 1991 (106) POLITICS OF DIVIDED NATIONS: CHI~ - ,' KOREA, GERMANY AND VIETNAM­ •• UNIFICATION, CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT Edited by Quansheng Zhao and Robert Sutter ScltoolofLAw UNivERsiTy of MARylANd~ ' Occasional Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies General Editor: Hungdah Chiu Executive Editor: Chih-Yu Wu Associate Executive Editors: Andrew Stone Su Yun Chang Managing Editor: Chih-Yu Wu Editorial Advisory Board Professor Robert A. Scalapino, University of California at Berkeley Professor Gaston J. Sigur, George Washington University Professor Shao-chuan Leng, University of Virginia Professor J. S. Prybyla, The Pennsylvania State University Professor Bih-jaw Lin, Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, Republic of China Professor Toshio Sawada, Sophia University, Japan Professor Gottfried-Karl Kindermann, Center for International Politics, University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany Professor Choon-ho Park, International Legal Studies, Korea University, Republic of Korea All contributions (in English only) and communications should be sent to Professor Hungdah Chiu, University of Maryland School of Law, 500 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1786 USA. All publications in this series reflect only the views of the authors. While the editor accepts responsibility for the selection of materials to be published, the individual author is responsible for statements of facts and expressions of opinion con­ tained therein. Subscription is US $22.00 for 6 issues (regardless of the price of individual issues) in the United States and $28.00 for Canada or overseas. Check should be addressed to OPRSCAS. Tel.: (301) 328-3870 FAX: (301) 328-4045 Price for single copy of this issue: US $12.00. ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-17-6 © Occasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, Inc. POLITICS OF DIVIDED NATIONS: CHINA, KOREA, GERMANY AND VIETNAM­ UNIFICATION, CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT edited by Quansheng Zhao and Robert Sutter ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Editors and Contributors QUANSHENG ZHAO, Peace Fellow, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., on leave from Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, where he is chairman of the Asian Studies Committee and a faculty member of the Political Science Department. ROBERT SUTTER, Chief, Foreign Affairs & National Defense, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Other Contributors BYUNG-JOON AHN, Professor of Political Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. HUNGDAH CHIU, Professor of Law, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland. SUNG-JOO HAN, Professor of Political Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea. YUNG-HWAN JO, Professor of Political Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; and, Director of Far East Studies, Kyongnam University, Masan and Seoul, Korea. GERARD MARE, Ph.D. Candidate, Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, California. GEORGE TOTTEN, Professor of Political Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. DIRK VERHEYEN, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California. POLITICS OF DIVIDED NATIONS: CHINA, KOREA, GERMANY AND VIETNAM-UNIFICATION, CONFLICf RESOLUTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT Edited by Quansheng Zhao and Robert Sutter TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introduction: Unification, Conflict Resolution and Political Development QUANSHENG ZHAO 1 II. Chinese Communist Policy Toward Taiwan and the Prospect of Unification HUNGDAH CHIU 7 III. Federation, Democratization, and China's Unification QUANSHENG ZHAO 39 IV. South Korea and the Politics of Korean Unification GEORGE TOTTEN & YUNG-HWAN JO 61 v. Peace, Cooperation, and Reunification in Korea BYUNG-JOON AHN 89 VI. Problems and Prospects for Peace and Unification in Korea SUNG-JOO HAN 105 VII. Dimensions of the German Question DIRK VERHEYEN 119 VIII. Unification and the Dialectics of (mal) Integration in Vietnam GERARD MARE 161 IX. Conclusion: Possible Outcomes and Implications for U.S. Policy ROBERT SUTTER 179 Index 189 CHAPTER I INTRODUCI'ION UNIFICATION, CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT Quansheng Zhao This book brings together the first major collection of research on politics of current or formerly divided nations - China, Korea, Ger­ many, and Vietnam. There is a wide range of diversity among the four countries in terms of historical backgrounds, geographic locations, and the international roles that they have played. But, they have all shared at least one common characteristic: these divided nations are products of the Cold War, dividing along political and ideological lines: communist v. capitalist. Therefore, they all have to answer a series of questions with regard to conflict resolution and political de­ velopment in each society: How should the current political and eco­ nomic systems on both sides be dealt with? What kind of relationship should exist between communist and non-communist political forces? And how can national unification be achieved by peaceful means? Hence, the issue of national unification can be effectively linked to broader research topics such as conflict resolution and political devel­ opment. Studies on conflict and conflict resolution have increasingly drawn attention from specialists in international relations, whereas political development (process of democratization, for example) has remained a favorite topic among scholars of comparative politics. The divided nation cases of China, Korea, Germany, and Vietnam will cer­ tainly provide useful examples for the examination of these theoretical as well as practical issues. The evolution of the Cold War (from the peak in the 1950s and 1960s to its end in the late 1980s and the post-Cold War era in the 1990s) and the changing international environment have inevitably played a significant, if not a decisive, role in the internal and external politics of the divided nations. The radical changes in the Soviet Union, the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the internal up­ heaval of China, the increasing demands for unification within both North and South Korea have all had a great impact on the politics of divided nations and the issue of unification. One may conclude that a (I) 2 CONTEMPORARY ASIAN STUDIES SERIES peaceful and favorable international environment is crucial for the res­ olution of conflicts such as those arising out of national divisions that were caused primarily by external powers. At the same time, domestic factors have proved to be extremely important. All of these divided countries have developed different political and economic systems, as a direct result of either the Cold War (in the cases of Korea and Germany), or a civil war between communist and non-communist forces (in the case of China). These separations are long-standing: The shortest is the 22-year division of Vietnam, the others have existed for more than four decades. These long separations inevitably have had a great impact on the political development of both sides and have inspired different interpretations of the issue of unification. In addition to examining the past experiences and future direc­ tions of unification between PRC-Taiwan, North-South Korea, East­ West Germany, and North-South Vietnam, this comparative analysis will contribute to a strengthening of the understanding of how domes­ tic political developments shape the attitude toward unification in each country, and the impact of changing global and regional international relations on these countries. Each country study in this volume reviews unification politics in both domestic and international terms. Attention to these countries, however, is not equally distributed. More discussion and examination are devoted to China and Korea, the two countries that have so far remained divided. There are two chapters on China and three on Ko­ rea, and one chapter each for Germany and Vietnam, the two coun­ tries that have already achieved national unification. The first two chapters examine the issue of China - the Main­ land and Taiwan. Both articles provide detailed discussions of the re­ lationship between unification and domestic politics. Hungdah Chiu surveys the evolutionary process of Beijing's peaceful unification over­ ture toward Taiwan and the responses from Taipei. In addition to the main themes of his paper, Chiu touches upon several sensitive issues, such as the development of the Taiwan independent movement, the "ADB (Asian Development Bank) formula" for Taiwan's future activ­ ities in the international communities, and the Taiwan authority's new mainland policies including one that deals with members of the Chi­ nese Communist Party. Quansheng Zhao concentrates on the likely impact of the unification process on China's political development and democratization. He argues that the unification policy of "one coun­ try, two systems" proposed by Beijing, may well lead to the creation of "one country, two (or more) parties," which is an unintended conse- CHAPTER I 3 quence of unification. Therefore, the prolonged evolutionary process of unification is likely to promote China's political pluralization. Zhao also discusses the suitability of a federal system for China, including the Mainland, Taiwan, and Hong Kong and Macao. The second group of chapters discusses North-South relations in Korea and the prospects for unification. George Totten