A Phonological and Grammatical Sketch of the Dukawa Language with a Focus on the Kirho Dialect of s,G tm'›s,Gtm( 'Gtm,R``qd+hmsgdD sgmnknftd+D sgmnknftdB ncd9CT C( Rijau Local Government, Niger State, Nigeria By David and Carleen Heath 1996 – 1997, revised May, 2002 3/13/06 Dukawa Sketch 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. a. Phonology 5 b. Orthography 23 c. Tone Analysis 27 3. Lexical Categories 51 4. Morphology and Syntax of Nouns and Noun Phrases 55 5. Morphology and Syntax of Verbs and Verb Phrases* 69 6. Syntax and Semantics * 76 7. Negation 93 8. Imperatives, Hortatory, and Optatives 96 9. Formation of Interrogative Sentences 98 10. References 102 11. Dukawa books available as of May 2002 103 * Entries in italics in chapters 5 and 6 are observations found in BSC (Bender-Samuel, Skitch, and Cressman) which we have not confirmed. APPENDIX A Abbreviations 105 APPENDIX B Time Words 106 APPENDIX C Conjunctions and Discourse Markers 109 APPENDIX D The Uses of .m«/ and /›m/ 114 APPENDIX E Pronoun Chart 116 APPENDIX F Dukawa Texts (Separate book) 3/13/06 Dukawa Sketch 2 1. Introduction The Dukawa People The Dukawa live primarily in Niger State of Nigeria. They have two major dialect divisions (s,G tm`mcΩs,R``q∆(with many sub- dialects within each of them. Ωs,G tm'D `rsdqmCh`kdbs( T cct Rg`mihq C`q`mfh Q hi`t'nqQ `s`fhv`( J hqgn s,R``q∆'V drsdqmCh`kdbs( Ctjjt Hqh Y dmsd) C÷f) O÷j) )`bbnqchmfsnIngmHrg`x`+nsgdqr`bbnqchmfsnCdssvdhkdq+0882- The language center of the s,G tmis between the towns of Rijau and Tungan Magajiya where the Kirho dialect is spoken. Traditionally, the Kirho people were based in Tungan Magajiya until the development of a hospital in the late 1940’s, which brought more Lelna people (the speakers of the C’lela language who traditionally lived in the North) into the area. The result was that many Kirho speakers moved further into the bush. The language center of the Ωs,R``q∆ is in the distant village of Dukku (Duku). The two major dialects are the Dukku and Iri dialects. The Ωs,R``q∆ dialect is very different from the Ωs,G tm, but it amazing how the Kirho dialect appears to be understood by all dialects. Kirho speakers cannot understand the others very well. We are doing further testing to determine the differences adsv ddmΩs,G tm`mcΩs,R``q∆+ats`ssgd oqdrdmsshldsgdx`ood`qsnadlnqdkdwhb`kcheedqdmbdrsg`m rsqtbstq`k- The people themselves are farmers. Almost every able body contributes in some way or another to the farming chores. In addition to farming, some also have other trades such as: bone setting, herbs, blacksmithing and cattle raising. The few that we know that have received advanced education have expanded to areas of health and agriculture. The major food crop is guinea corn, while maize, yams, cassava, rice, peppers, sesame seeds... are used as food and cash crops. 3/13/06 Dukawa Sketch 3 Previous Language Work In the late 1960’s and 1970’s, Esther Cressman and Donna Skitch worked with the Dukawa as the United Missionary Society’s representatives. They published many books in the language (see References) and one book about the structure of the language with John Bendor-Samuel called: Studies in Nigerian Languages No.3 Duka Sentence, Clause, and Phrase. This book will be referred to as BSC henceforth. “Duka” was used as the name at that time, but it is generally not accepted since “duka” means “all” in Hausa (the trade language of that area). Unfortunately, Cressman and Skitch combined dialects in their translation work and grammatical analysis. In the early and mid-1990’s, Craig and Mary Duddles resumed the work with the Dukawa with the goal of finishing the Dukawa Bible. They laid most of the groundwork for the present phonology and orthography. Most of the phonology has not changed the previous work of Cressman and Skitch, but the orthography was changed from phonetic characters + ’+ √ (which really stands for the ‹ ( to a “typewriter friendly” script of +'+`mc›- The Present Analysis The present analysis is based on fieldwork which was started in September of 1995. We have been aided in our language learning by: Danbaba Noma Kirho (chairman, Dukawa Language Promotion Committee), John Ishaya Shanjir, Samuel Danture Kirho, Mary Samuel Uddu, Tani Magaji Kirho, and Danjuma Magaji Kirho. We also owe a great deal to our consultant Don Frantz who has guided us in our analysis. The revision of 2002 was primarily to up-date the findings and to clarify and document important remaining issues regarding the language. 3/13/06 Dukawa Sketch 4 1`-Ognmnknfx H-Hmsqnctbshnm S ghrhr`ognmnknfhb`kcdrbqhoshnmnesgdCtj`v`k`mft`fd+ vghbghrronjdmhmMnqsgvdrsMhfdqh`-S ghro`odqenbtrdrnmsgd J hqgnch`kdbsnesgdGtmrta,fqnto-Rtardptdmskx+`m nqsgnfq`ogxhroqnonrdcenqvqhshmfsgdk`mft`fd+dw`lokdvnqcr `qdfhudmtrhmfsgdoqnonrdcnqsgnfq`ogx`mc`mdw`lokdsdwshr hmbktcdc-S ghro`odqbnms`hmrltbgnesgdr`ldhmenql`shnm fhudmhm`oqduhntrtmotakhrgdccnbtldmsaxLq-`mcLqr-B q`hf CtcckdrdmshskdcÌS nv`qcr`S dms`shudCtj`mbhN qsgnfq`ogx-Ó S ghro`odqrddjrsnenql`khydrnldnesgdhq`m`kxrdr`mcsn `mrvdqptdrshnmr+vghbgsgdxoqnonrdc`mckdestm`mrvdqdc- S gdrdvnqcr`mcrntmcrvgdqdsdrsdcnmsgdenkknvhmf hmenql`msr9C`ma`a`Mnl`J hqgn+C`mitl``mcS `mhL`f`ih J hqgn+R`ltdkC`mstqdJ hqgn`mcsgdqdrhcdmsrnesgduhkk`fdne N s``a'Chx`mE`q`(- HH-V nqcO `ssdqmr Enkknvhmf`qdqdoqdrdms`shudvnqcrhmJ hqgn-2*dw`lokdr 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Ínhkenq`mnhmshmfsgdcd`cÎ BUBUB `r hm Zn,y‹-q‹f\ ËcthjdqÈ Zn,gn-j’m\ Ëkhy`qcÈ Zl,o‹-o’q\ ËrlnnsgÈ Zl,g∆-q∆f\ Ër`mcÈ BUBBU `r hm Zn,r`j-q`\ ËutkstqdÈ Zn,r’j-r‹\ Ëatlor nm rjhmÈ Z‹s,sdo-q∆\ Ëmdv kd`eÈ Zn,o’f-s’\ Ë`rr`rhm,atfÈ BUBBUB `r hm Zv nqrnq\ Ërk`oÈ Zjtsjts\ Ëchrodmr`shnm ne rldkkÈ Zotjotj\ Ëe`mbx bknsgdrÈ Zg`or∆s\ Ëons khcÈ 3/13/06 Dukawa Sketch 6 BUBUBU `r hm Zn,±-q`-a`\ Ësghfg ne ` bnvÈ Zn,f’-qd-a`\ Ëctl o`kl sqddÈ Zn,l`-q‹-q‹\ Ëk`qfd hmsdrshmdrÈ Z‹s,l`-q`-f`\ ËS ghqc rs`fd ne q`hmx rd`rnmÈ BUBUBUB `r hm Zn,b`-s‹-b`l\ ËatssdqekxÈ )) Zb\hrrtrodbs 'hmbktcdc enq vnqc ehm`k ÎBÏ( Zn,j`-sh-±`l\ Ë`msd`sdqÈ )) ZH\hrrtrodbs 'ats hs bkd`qkx etmbshnmr `r ` unvdk( BUBUBUBU `r hm Z‹q,q∆-j’-l‹-q‹\ ËbghmÈ qdrhctd9 Ëxnmr+ gnmjr S gdoqnakdlrv hsgk`qfdv nqcr9 0( S gdqd `qd `krn l`mx nsgdq k`qfdq vnqc o`ssdqmr+ ats lnrs ne sgd k`qfdq vnqcr `ood`q sn ad lnqd sg`m nm vnqc sg`s hr inhmdc snfdsgdq- Enq dw`lokd9 Zn,rg`la∆∆q∆\ knnjr khjd sgd bnlonmdms vnqcr enq Îqdrdlakdr 'rg`( bk`rr l`qjdq 'l( qhbd 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rdptdmbdr`ssghronhmshmsgdo`odq-S gdxl`xadrhmfkd rdfldmsrnqcntakdrdfldmsr-@krn+Zt+h+x`mcv\`qd 3/13/06 Dukawa Sketch 7 bnmrhcdqdcrtrodbsrntmcr-Enkknvhmfa`rhbkhmfthrshboqhmbhokdr+ `kkrtrodbsrntmcr`mcrdptdmbdrvhkkadhmsdqoqdsdca`rdctonm sgdo`ssdqmrdrs`akhrgdcaxsgdmnm,rtrodbsrntmcr`mcrdptdmbdr- S gdenkknvhmfdw`lokdrnerxkk`akdo`ssdqmrhmJ hqgn`qd`kkmnm, rtrodbsrxkk`akdr-Ì-Óhmchb`sdr`rxkk`akdantmc`qx-S gdrxkk`akd hmenbtrhrhmankc- U `r hm Z\ ËsgdxÈ Zn,y‹q‹f\ ËcthjdqÈ Zn,s`È`q\ ËrsnmdÈ M `r hm Zl,g’\ Ëv`sdqÈ Zl,s`\ Ër`khu`È Zl,j∆\ ËaddqÈ BU `r hm Zv ‹\ ËgdÈ Zm’\ ËxntÈ 'oktq`k( Zl,g’\ Ëv`sdqÈ UB `r hm Z‹s,l∆m\ Ërsnl`bgrÈ Zn,`l\ Ëancx etmftrÈ Zn,∆m\ ËrghmÈ BUB `r hm Zs∆s\ ËsgqddÈ Zm∆s\ ËodqrnmÈ Zn,s’s\ ËrbnqohnmÈ BUBB Z‹s,g`js\ Ëx`vmhmfÈ Z‹q,fdjr\ ÍmdbjÎ Z‹q,c`jr\ Ëo`kl 'g`mc(È qdrhctd9 Ëxnmr+ gnmjr Hmrtll`qx+`J hqgnrxkk`akdbnms`hmr`l`mc`snqxmtbkdtr vghbgb`madehkkdcaxdhsgdq`m`r`knq`unvdk-@mnmrds`mc` bnc``qdd`bgnoshnm`k-@mxbnmrnm`msb`mehkk`mnmrdsnqbnc` 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