Nationalism, Chauvinism and Racism as Reflected in European Musical Thought and in Compositions from the Interwar Period Eastern European Studies in Musicology Edited by Maciej Gołąb Editorial board Mikuláš Bek (Brno) Gražina Daunoravičienė (Vilnius) Luba Kyjanovska (Lviv) Mikhail Saponov (Moscow) Adrian Thomas (Cardiff) László Vikárius (Budapest) Volume 14 Eastern European Studies Andrzej Tuchowski in Musicology Edited by Maciej Gołąb Editorial board Mikuláš Bek (Brno) Gražina Daunoravičienė (Vilnius) Luba Kyjanovska (Lviv) Mikhail Saponov (Moscow) Adrian Thomas (Cardiff) Nationalism, Chauvinism and Racism as László Vikárius (Budapest) Reflected in European Musical Thought Volume 14 and in Compositions from the Interwar Period Translated by Tomasz Zymer Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Na- tionalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. The Publication is founded by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland as a part of the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Ministry cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Printed by CPI books GmbH, Leck ISSN 2193-8342 978-3-631-78727-4 (Print) 978-3-631-79589-7 (E-PDF) 978-3-631-79590-3 (EPUB) 978-3-631-79591-0 •(MOBI) DOI 10.3726/ b15888 • • Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 unported license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ © Andrzej Tuchowski, 2019 Peter Lang – Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Contents The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Na- tionalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. I. The National and Universal Dimensions of Music in the Aesthetic Thought of Ralph Vaughan Williams and Karol The Publication is founded by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Szymanowski ............................................................................................ 21 the Republic of Poland as a part of the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Ministry cannot be held responsible for any use which II. The Racist Foundations of the National-Socialist may be made of the information contained therein. Thought on Music .................................................................................. 51 1 “Was ist Deutsch in Deutscher Musik?”: Concerning the Germanic and Nordic Racial Features in German Music .................. 60 2 ‘Judentum in Musik’ – Around the Musical Activity of the ‘Anti- Printed by CPI books GmbH, Leck Race’ .......................................................................................................... 67 ISSN 2193-8342 978-3-631-78727-4 (Print) 2.1 Organic Harmonic-Tonal Unity ...................................................... 74 978-3-631-79589-7 (E-PDF) 978-3-631-79590-3 (EPUB) • 2.2 The Organic Unity of Formal Structures ........................................ 75 978-3-631-79591-0 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/ b15888 • 2.3 The Organic Aesthetic-Social Unity ............................................... 77 © Peter Lang• GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften III. Das Volk, die Volksgemeinschaft, der Volkskomponist: The Berlin 2019 Concept of the “Community of Blood” and the Debate All rights reserved. Concerning National-Socialist Normative Musical Peter Lang – Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Aesthetics .................................................................................................. 83 Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any IV. Between Thought and Action: Nazi Racial Doctrines utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to and the Consequences of Their Implementation in the prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, Context of the Reactions of Europe’s Music Circles in the translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in 1930s ............................................................................................................ 103 electronic retrieval systems. 1 Journalism and the Music Environment in Interwar Poland: “… Far-Reaching Caution Is Recommended” ............................................ 104 This publication has been peer reviewed. 2 Protecting Elitism: Szymanowski, the Grand Polish ‘Aristocratic’ www.peterlang.com Traditions and the ‘Jewish Question’ .................................................... 113 6 Contents 3 The Polish “Rassenkunde”: Józef Reiss and His Research on “The Jewish Spirit in Music” ............................................................................ 116 4 Zofia Lissa: The Problem of Race in Music .......................................... 123 5 Chopin and the Question of ‘Racial Purity’ ......................................... 127 6 The Reactions of British Music Critics, the Appeasement and the British-German Policy for the Musical Cooperation of “Germanic Sister Nations” .................................................................... 133 7 The Ideological Counter-Offensive of British Great War Generation Artists – Pacifism against Racism and Chauvinism ....... 147 8 1938 – The Breakthrough Year: Benjamin Britten’s and Michael Tippett’s Politically Involved Works in Relation to Events in the Third Reich ............................................................................................... 149 V. The Italian “National Awakening” and Historical-Imperial Nationalism. Art in the Context of the Fascist Myth of Romanità ..................................................................................................... 161 1 Modern Art or Degenerate Art? Modernism and Its National Aspects in Fascist and Nazi Ideologies ................................................. 165 2 The Musical Apologies of Rome in the Service of Fascist Imperial-Historical Nationalism ........................................................... 172 2.1 “Salve Roma divina!”: Hymn to Rome by Giacomo Puccini ......... 174 2.2 “Tutto che al mondo è civile, grande, augusto, egli è romano ancora!” Ottorino Respighi’s Roman Trilogy and the Nationalist Musical Aesthetics of the Fascist Era ........................... 178 2.3 From Rimsky-Korsakov to Giannotto Bastianelli: Transformations in Respighi’s Aesthetic Stance on His Way to the “National Revival” .................................................... 182 2.4 Prophetic Aspects: The Roman Trilogy in the National and International Context ......................................................................... 186 VI. From the Myth of Romanità to Fascist Racism: Italian Musical Thought in the Face of Political-Ideological Changes in the late 1930s ................................................................... 193 Contents 7 VII. The “New Rome” Clashes with the “Third Greek Civilisation” – The Decline of the Myth of Romanità ........ 209 VIII. Postscript: The Decline of Racism and Chauvinism, “Crypto-Nationalism” and the Demythologisation of Nationalist Concepts of Tradition after World War II ...... 215 1 “Crypto-Nationalism” and “National Musicologies” ...................... 218 2 From Nationalism to Universalism ................................................... 221 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 229 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 233 Index ..................................................................................................................... 249 Introduction The concept of “nationalism” usually does not evoke positive associations in Poland. Nationalist beliefs, views and attitudes are for the most part associated in articles on social and cultural subjects with unjustified claims concerning the superiority of everything that is “our own” over all things “foreign” or “alien”, with feelings of aversion or at best suspicion toward other cultures, and with the desire to isolate one’s own nation viewed as a kind of besieged fortress. In the West, on the other hand, nationalism is for many historians and journalists a neutral concept referring to a certain type of social-political and cultural aware- ness which developed in the early 19th century and was based on the conviction that the interests of a nation are superior to the interests of individuals, social groups and classes. This concerned first and foremost the problem of power and control since – as Anthony D. Smith1 observes – the key feature of all nationalism is the conviction