The Implementation of the Productive Safety Nets Programme in Afar, Somali, and selected lowland woredas in Oromiya Rachel Sabates-Wheeler Jeremy Lind Mulugeta Handino Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex John Hoddinott International Food Policy Research Institute Mulugeta Tefera Girma Bekele Feyera Simma Dadimos Development Consultants With a Prologue by the Donor Coordination Team, Productive Safety Nets Programme October 15, 2011 Address for correspondence: Dr. John Hoddinott, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 USA. Em: [email protected] Table of Contents Acronyms……. ............................................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................... xii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................xiii Prologue ...................................................................................................................................... xviii Introductory Materials 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives and Structure of the Report ................................................................................ 1 2. Data Sources and Methods ................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Quantitative Methods ........................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Qualitative Methods .............................................................................................................. 8 Livelihoods and Well-Being 3. Livelihoods and well-being ................................................................................................................. 12 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Community infrastructure ................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Household characteristics: Demographics, housing and durables ..................................... 13 3.4 Livelihoods: Overview ......................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Livelihoods: Afar .................................................................................................................. 18 3.6 Livelihoods: Somali .............................................................................................................. 25 3.7 Livelihoods: Oromiya ........................................................................................................... 30 3.8 Food security ....................................................................................................................... 31 3.9 Coping strategies ................................................................................................................. 38 3.10 Coping and informal social support .................................................................................. 41 3.11 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 44 The FSP in Afar, Somali, and lowland areas in Oromiya 4. Woreda Perspectives on Implementation ........................................................................................ 46 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Woreda Resources for the PSNP ......................................................................................... 48 4.3 Making food payments ....................................................................................................... 52 4.4 Complementary Community Investment............................................................................ 53 4.5 Early warning systems ......................................................................................................... 54 4.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 55 Annex 4.1: Evidence on the presence of the PSNP, by zone and woreda, Afar region ................. 57 5. Kebele and Household Perspectives on Implementation ............................................................... 67 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 67 ii 5.2 Kebele Food Security Task Forces ....................................................................................... 67 5.3 Beneficiary and non-beneficiary understanding of the PSNP ............................................. 70 5.4 Access to payment sites ...................................................................................................... 73 5.5 Timeliness and predictability of payments ......................................................................... 75 5.6 Client cards .......................................................................................................................... 76 5.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 77 6. Targeting ............................................................................................................................................ 78 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 78 6.2 Regional Perspectives .......................................................................................................... 78 6.3 Woreda perspectives........................................................................................................... 79 6.4 Kebele Perspectives ............................................................................................................. 82 6.5 Participation of women in targeting processes .................................................................. 85 6.6 Targeting of polygamous households ................................................................................. 85 6.7 Quantitative and qualitative perspectives on targeting: Errors of inclusion and exclusion87 6.8 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 95 7. The Implementation of Public Works Projects ................................................................................ 97 7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 97 7.2 Coordinating the Implementation of Public Works ............................................................ 97 7.3 Planning Public Works ......................................................................................................... 98 7.4 Public Works and Local Livelihoods .................................................................................. 101 7.5 Gender Considerations ...................................................................................................... 104 7.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 105 8. Payments for Public Works and Direct Support ............................................................................ 107 8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 107 8.2 Full family targeting: Insights from qualitative fieldwork ................................................. 107 8.3 Public works payments ..................................................................................................... 109 8.4 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 116 8.5 Payments for Direct Support ............................................................................................. 124 8.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 125 9. Appeals and Complaints .................................................................................................................... 126 9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 126 9.2 Local knowledge of appeals and complaints and the current status of KAC .................... 126 9.3 Reasons for appeals and complaints ................................................................................. 128 9.4 The