Knights! At the Museum Knights at the Museum Interactive Qualifying Project Submitted to the faculty of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute in fulfillment of the requirements for graduation. By: Jonathan Blythe, Thomas Cieslewski, Derek Johnson, Erich Weltsek Faculty Advisor: Jeffrey Forgeng JLS IQP 0073 March 6, 2015 1 Knights! At the Museum Contents Knights at the Museum .............................................................................................................................. 1 Authorship: .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Abstract: ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction to Metallurgy ...................................................................................................................... 12 “Bloomeries” ......................................................................................................................................... 13 The Blast Furnace ................................................................................................................................. 14 Techniques: Pattern-welding, Piling, and Quenching ....................................................................... 16 Background on the Middle Ages: Feudalism and Chivalry .................................................................. 18 Introduction to the Sword: ....................................................................................................................... 20 The Physical Evolution of the Sword from Vikings to Knights: ........................................................... 21 The Evolution of the Symbolism of the Sword from Vikings to Knights: ........................................... 24 Swords after the Knight: .......................................................................................................................... 25 Swords after the Knight- Personal Use: .............................................................................................. 25 Swords after the Knight- Military Use: .............................................................................................. 25 Introduction to Hafted Weaponry ........................................................................................................... 27 The Winged Spear ................................................................................................................................. 28 The Pike ................................................................................................................................................. 29 The Lance .............................................................................................................................................. 30 Axes and Hammers ............................................................................................................................... 32 The Halberd ........................................................................................................................................... 34 The Glaive .............................................................................................................................................. 35 Ranged Weaponry in the Middle Ages: .................................................................................................. 36 The English War Bow: ......................................................................................................................... 37 The Crossbow: ....................................................................................................................................... 40 Early Guns and Powder Weapons: ..................................................................................................... 42 European Armor Make and Function .................................................................................................... 43 Horse Armor.............................................................................................................................................. 48 Maximillian Armor: Sixteenth Century to the Rise of Firearms.......................................................... 52 European Armor: Rise of Firearms (1550) to Present .......................................................................... 58 Persia .......................................................................................................................................................... 61 Sub-Saharan .............................................................................................................................................. 65 2 Knights! At the Museum Sudanic ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 Turkey ........................................................................................................................................................ 72 Indian Arms and Armor .......................................................................................................................... 76 History and Influence ........................................................................................................................... 76 Helmet .................................................................................................................................................... 82 Shield ...................................................................................................................................................... 83 Arms ....................................................................................................................................................... 85 Art .......................................................................................................................................................... 87 Worcester Art Museum Collection ...................................................................................................... 88 Japanese Weaponry .................................................................................................................................. 91 History .................................................................................................................................................... 91 Common Weapons ................................................................................................................................ 93 Parts of the Katana ............................................................................................................................... 95 Making ................................................................................................................................................... 96 Arms in the Worcester Collection ....................................................................................................... 98 Japanese Armor ...................................................................................................................................... 101 History .................................................................................................................................................. 101 Armor ................................................................................................................................................... 103 Helmet .................................................................................................................................................. 106 Foot Soldiers ........................................................................................................................................ 109 Horseback ............................................................................................................................................ 109 Clothing Under Armor ....................................................................................................................... 111 Worcester Art Museum and Higgins Armory Collections .............................................................. 112 Chinese/East Asian Arms and Armor ................................................................................................... 114 Armor ................................................................................................................................................... 114 Helmet .................................................................................................................................................. 118 Shield .................................................................................................................................................... 119 Arms ..................................................................................................................................................... 120 Survey Data ............................................................................................................................................. 121 Methods: .............................................................................................................................................