CHAPTER I 1 2 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Role of women in India 1.3 Metamorphosis of Pune city 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Statement of the problem under study 1.6 Objective of the study 1.7 Justification of the study 1.8 Hypothesis 1.9 Research Methodology 1.10 Limitation of the study 1.11 Chapter Scheme 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION :- Investment is saving money and engaged them with the expectation of earning profit in future. Investment behavior of an investor depends on his/her risk perception and risk attitude. As per modern portfolio theory risk taking of an investor depends on his risk attitude. Perception is the first step in decision making followed by considering various avenues and making choice out of them and then taking the action, which is behavior of the investor. There are different motives for investment. The most prominent among all is to earn a return on investment. However, selecting investment on the basis of return is no enough. The fact is that most investors invest their funds in more than one security suggest that there are other factors, besides return, and they must be considered. The investors not only like return but also dislike risk. 1.2 ROLE OF WOMEN IN INDIA 21st Century is leading by Women. Jyoti Naik and Preetha Reddy is example of successful business women in corporate India. While the former is past President of Lijjat papad, the latter is Managing Director of Apollo Hospitals. The list is endless with the obvious names such as Chanda Kocchar, Kiran Mazumdar Shaw and Naina Lal Kidwai. It is not only that corporate India is reckoning this emerging breed of swashbuckling women CEOs’ Chairman and Managers. Walk into any office in India and there is a least possibility that one might not find a woman heading senior position or leading a team. An understanding of Indian women of the identity and especially of their role taking and breaking new paths will be incomplete without a walk down the corridors of Indian history where women have paused, lived and internalized various role models. In ancient India, the women enjoyed equal status with men in all fields of life. Indian grammarian such as Patanjali suggests that women were educated in early Vedic period. Scriputre’s such as Rig Veda and Upanishads mention several women sages and seers, notably Gargi and Maitreyi. 4 Some kingdoms in ancient India had traditions such as ‘Nagarvadhu’ (“bride of the city”) women competed to win the coveted title of the Nagarvadhu. Amrapali is the most famous example of Nagarvadhu. Women enjoyed equal status and rights during the early vedic period. However, later (approxmately 500 B.C) the status of women began to decline with the Smritis and with the Islamic invasion of Babur and the Mughal empire. Women in post Independent India faced a major upheaval as regards their position, perception and role in society. In the period immediately following independence a number of constitutional provisions were made for women’s social, economic and political benefits. The Government of India declared 2001 as the year of ‘Women Empowerment’ (Swashakti). The development-oriented policy towards female members of the nation adopted since pre independence, women’s participation has been significant in national development. The social-economic profile of female members of the country has improved and so it is the women empowerment to some extent. Rise in the percentage of working women is an indicator of positive shift in case of women in responding to national, educational and employment policies. Considering that women are again empowered today, it is essential to study economical and financial stability and independent decision making power of women in current scenario. Women are working in various fields. IT sector is one of the leading sector in the economy. So researcher studied the “Income growth and Investment pattern of IT sector women employees in Pune city” 5 Map of India : 6 Map of Maharashtra State : 7 1.3 Metamorphosis of Pune city Pune City Map History of Pune:- Pune is the 9th mass populous city in India and the second largest city in the state Maharashtra. Pune is also the 101st largest city in the world by population. Pune city is the administrative headquarters of Pune district and was once the center of power of Maratha Empire established by Shivaji Maharaj. Pune was part of the Jagir granted to Maloji Bhosale in 1599 for his service to the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar. His grandson Shivaji the founder of Maratha Empire, was born in Shivneri which is near from Pune. Shivaji was brought up by his mother in Pune city. 8 Shivaji encouraged the development of dams in Parvati and Kondhwa regions of Pune for agricultural purpose. Pune and its surrounding villages were the major recruitment areas for Shivaji’s army between 1645 AD and 1680 AD. In 1720 Bajirao-I was appointed as Peshwa (Prime Minister) of the Maratha Empire by Shahu Maharaj. He moved his base from Saswad to pune in 1728. Bajirao started construction of Shaniwarwada on the right bank of the Mutha river. The construction was completed in 1730. Pune prospered as a city during the reign of Nanasaheb Peshwa. He developed Sarasbaug, HeeraBaug, Parvati Hill and new Commercial, trading and residential localities- Sadashivpeth, Narayan Peth, Rasta Peth and Nana Peth were developed in this era. Pune was an important centre in the social and religious reform movements of the late 19th Century. Prominent social reformers and freedom famous fighters lived here, including Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, Dhondo Keshav Karve, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Vitthal Ramji Shinde and Dr. Raghunath Karve resided in pune. Pune since Independence :- After Indian Independence in 1947 from Britain, Pune saw a lot of development, such as establishment of National Defence Academy Laborotary at Pashan. The Kirloskar Group was the first to bring industry to Pune by setting up Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd in 1950 at Kirkee in pune. However Pune’s sleepy environs fast experienced significant change in 1950’s and 1960’s. When Kirloskar and Vaidya started production of oil engines and rubber products respectively. Industrial development started at Hadapsar, Nigadi, Pimpari etc. In 1961 Tata Motors started operations in the city which raised the status of Pune as the future Detroit of India. When the Panshet dam broke in July 1961 it’s water destroyed much of old pune, but the disaster proved to be a great opportunity to introduce modern town planning 9 concept and rebuild the urban landscape. By 1966 the city had seen all round expansion taking place at a faster rate. The eastern corridor, Pimpari chinchwad, Hinjewadi, Chakan etc suddenly made Pune not only a business hub to reckon with but also a global destination. In the year 2000 Pune was only about 230sq. kms and a decade later, it has grown to 450 sq. kms. Growth of pune taking place in the north, south, east and west and all the places in between pune is rapidly growing in terms city limits, population number of vehicle, infrastructure etc. In term of housing, there has been steady growth since last decades. Pune has added nearly three lakh houses, on an ongoing basis about 30000 houses a year, mainly in the lower middle income group to the top end. As a organized sector is growing along with city limits. The growth drivers include IT and manufacturing hub alongwith climate, a non militant labour force and improved connectivity due to Mumbai-Pune Expressway and the airport. Mumbai Pune Expressway has improved connectivity by reducing the time spent on the road to a two-three hour journey. The immediate access has ensured the speedy expansion of Pune along the entire corridor from the exit of the Expressway and along the Pune Bangalore Highway areas like Hinjewadi, Balewadi, Baner, Sus Pashan, all developed substantially and still hold immense potential of growth due to connectivity. Pune has been known as a cultural capital of Maharashtra state. There are many educational institutions in pune city with provide professional work force for IT and automobile hub. These institute offer excellent placement opportunities to students by inviting top companies and industries. The recruitment process becomes easier for them because many industrial houses are based at Pune and Pimpari Chinchwad areas, It has given momentum to the local economy. Savitribai Phule Pune University is one of the oldest university in the world. Pune is home to elite institutions like Gokhale Institute, Institution of Politics and Economics, Bhandarkar Institute, Agarkar Institute, Pune Film and Television Institute of India, Deccan college of Archeology etc. There are many private Universities like symbiosis, Bharati Vidyapeeth etc. As the city has many different types of educational Institutions and Universities, it is popularly known as the Oxford of the ‘East.’ 10 The concept of IT parks touched Pune way back in 2000 to encourage new IT companies. Since then many ITparks have been established in the city. The Rajiv Gandhi IT parks, Magarpatta cyber city, the MIDC software Technology park at Talawade, the Marisoft IT park, Kumar Cerebrum IT park at Kalyani Nagar, The International Convention Centre (ICC) and Weikfield IT park are the name of popular IT parks. Pune is home to all the major IT companies-Infosys, Wipro, Zensar Technologies. Cognizant, Kanbay Tata Technologies(KPIT), Tata consultancy services (TCS) etc, from multinational to Indian co’s are located in pune. The big bulls-EXL, M Source Convergeys, HSBC, Aviva etc have all set up shops here and many of these companies are venturing out their centers in Bangalore and Hyderabad to make pune the hub of their expansion plans.