UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI PEDAGOŠKA FAKULTETA PIJA OMAN MARIJ PEREGELJ Neznani heroj DIPLOMSKO DELO LJUBLJANA 2020 1 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI PEDAGOŠKA FAKULTETA Študijski program: LIKOVNA PEDAGOGIKA PIJA OMAN Mentorica: dr. Metoda Kemperl MARIJ PEREGELJ Neznani heroj DIPLOMSKO DELO LJUBLJANA 2020 ZAHVALA Najlepše se zahvaljujem mentorici dr. Metodi Kemperl za vse nasvete, strokovno pomoč in podporo pri pisanju diplomskega dela. Zahvale gredo tudi moji družini in fantu, ki so me ves čas spodbujali k pisanju in me podpirali. POVZETEK Marij Pregelj je eden pomembnejših predstavnikov eksistencializma na Slovenskem. Najbolj je znan kot slikar, čeprav se je ukvarjal tudi z grafiko, risbo, ilustracijo, nekaj malega tudi s kiparstvom. Z ilustracijo se je ukvarjal že v dijaških letih, najbolj znane ilustracije so za Homerjeva epa Iliada in Odiseja. Bolj poznan je postal, ko je razstavil svoja slikarska dela na I. razstavi Kluba neodvisnih slovenskih umetnikov v Ljubljani leta 1937. Bil je epik, ki je zapisoval dramo ljudi. S svojimi slikami je opozarjal predvsem na to, kaj je narobe s svetom, ko si vsi zatiskamo oči in ne želimo videti resnice, ki pa jo vseeno poznamo. Zadnja leta svojega življenja je slikal predvsem svoje tegobe iz časa, ko je bil zaprt v vojaških taboriščih, kar je nanj močno vplivalo. Ena teh slik je tudi Neznani heroj. V tem obdobju je imela rdeča barva za Preglja izreden pomen. Z njo je slikal dramatiko svojih slik, s kontrastnimi zeleno modrimi barvami rdeče pa je slikal gnilobo, trohnenje, gnitje. Slika Neznani heroj naj bi narekovala posvetno tematiko križanja, ko slikar sodi sam sebi kot na glavo križani Sveti Peter. V velik navdih mu je bil njegov sodobnik Francis Bacon, po katerem se je včasih tudi zgledoval. Čeprav je Neznani heroj ena večjih slik Preglja, ni še nikjer podrobneje opisana. V trenutku, ko sem vstopila v tretjo sobo Moderne galerije Ljubljana, me je pritegnila njena barvitost. Po tem je tudi izstopala v dvorani, kjer je razstavljena, zato sem se odločila za analizo prav te slike. Za osnovnimi podatki, s katerimi sem začela svoje raziskovanje, sem se osredotočila na formalno analizo slike. Raziskala sem barvo, kompozicijo, prostor slike. Z ikonografsko analizo sem preučila motiv in uporabo rdeče barve, ki je za Preglja pomembna. V kontekstualni analizi sem preučevala kulturno-družbeno ozadje, umetnikov socialni in ekonomsko družbeni položaj v času nastanka te slike. KLJUČNE BESEDE: Marij Pregelj, taborišča, eksistencializem, Neznani heroj ABSTRACT Marij Pregelj is one of the most important representatives of existentialism in Slovenia. He is best known as a painter, although he was also involved in graphics, drawing, illustration, and to a lesser extent sculpture. He has been involved in illustration since his student years, the most famous illustrations being the Iliad and the Odyssey for Homer's epics. He became better known, when he exhibited his paintings at the first exhibition of the Club of Independent Slovenian Artists in Ljubljana in 1937. He was an epic writer who recorded drama of the people. With his paintings, he mainly pointed out what is wrong with the world, when we all close our eyes and do not want to see the truth, which we still know. In the last years of his life, he painted mainly his hardships from the time he was imprisoned in military camps, which greatly influenced him. One of these images is also The Unknown Hero. During this period, the color red was extremely important for Pregelj. With it he painted the drama of his paintings, and with contrasting green-blue colors to red he painted rotting. The painting The Unknown Hero is supposed to dictate the secular theme of the crucifixion, when the painter judges himself as the crucified Saint Peter. He was greatly inspired by Francis Bacon, after whom he sometimes followed. Although The Unknown Hero is one of Pregelj's larger paintings, it is not described in detail anywhere. The moment I entered the third room of the Modern Gallery Ljubljana, I was attracted by its colorfulness. After that, it also stood out in the hall where it is exhibited, so I decided to analyze this very image. For the basic data with which I began my research with, I focused on formal analysis. I researched the color, the composition, the space of the painting. With iconographic analysis, I examined the motif and use of red, which is important to Pregelj. In contextual analysis, I studied the cultural-social background, the artist’s social and economic social position at the time of the creation of this painting. KEYWORDS: Marij Pregelj, camps, existentialism, Unknown hero KAZALO 1. UVOD ................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. NEZNANI HEROJ ................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. OSNOVNI PODATKI O UMETNINI .................................................................................................. 3 2.2. OPIS .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.3. OBLIKOVNA ANALIZA .................................................................................................................... 4 3. IKONOGRAFSKA IN KONTEKSTUALNA ANALIZA .................................................................................. 8 3.1. IKONOGRAFSKA ANALIZA ............................................................................................................. 8 3.2. ŽIVLJENJE MARIJA PREGLJA ........................................................................................................ 10 3.3. SLIKARJEV OPUS ......................................................................................................................... 12 3.4. EKSISTENCIALIZEM ..................................................................................................................... 17 3.5. ŠESTDESETA LETA ....................................................................................................................... 19 4. GALERIJSKI KONTEKS ......................................................................................................................... 23 5. SKLEP ................................................................................................................................................. 25 6. VIRI IN LITERATURA ........................................................................................................................... 26 7. VIRI SLIK ............................................................................................................................................. 27 KAZALO SLIK Slika 1: Marij Pregelj, Neznani heroj, 1966, olje na platno, 149,5x179,5 cm, Moderna galerija Ljubljana ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Slika 2: Barvni odtenki v sliki Neznani heroj Marija Preglja..................................................................... 4 Slika 3: Svetlo-temni ekrani slike Neznani heroj Marija Preglja .............................................................. 5 Slika 4: Glavne nosilnice slike Neznani heroj Marija Preglja ................................................................... 6 Slika 5: Slika Neznani heroj Marija Preglja razdeljena na diagonalno mrežo in tretjine ......................... 7 Slika 6: Pročelni steber Santa Maria de Souillac, detajl .......................................................................... 8 Slika 7: Ponazorjeno križanje kot Sv. Peter na sliki Neznani heroj Marija Preglja ................................... 9 Slika 8: Marij Pregelj .............................................................................................................................. 11 Slika 9: Marij Pregelj, Ilustracije Iliade in Odiseje, 1950-1951 ............................................................. 13 Slika 10: Marij Pregelj, Ranjeni Ares iz serije ilustracij za Homerjevo Iliado, 1949-50, gvaš ................. 13 Slika 11: Marij Pregelj, Moj oče, 1937,olje na platnu, 72x59,5, Mestni muzej Ljubljana ...................... 14 Slika 12: Marij Pregelj, Portret očeta, 1957, olje na platnu, 100x120,5cm, zasebna zbirka ................. 14 Slika 13: Marij Pregelj, Avtoportret, 1967, olje na platnu, 131x67 cm, Muzej suvremene umetnosti Beograd ................................................................................................................................................. 15 Slika 14: Marij Pregelj, Pompejansko omizje, 1962, mešane tehnike na platno, , 130,7 x 162,5 cm, Moderna galerija Ljubljana .................................................................................................................... 16 Slika 15: Marij Pregelj, Sutjeska, 1962, mozaik, 500x1400 cm, Beograd .............................................. 17 Slika 16: Francis Bacon, Tri študije za križanje, olje in pesek na platno, 1962 ...................................... 19 Slika 17: Marij Pregelj, Ženska glava- čelada, 1966, kolaž in laviran tuš na papir, 29x20,5cm, Moderna galerija Ljubljana.................................................................................................................................... 20 Slika 18: Marij Pregelj, Križanje, mešana tehnika na platno, 1966, 180x135 cm .................................. 21 Slika