The Mass A Study of the Roman Liturgy Nihil Ob`tat: F. Thos. Bergh, O.S.B., Censor deputatus Imprimatur: Edm. Can. Surmont, Vic. gen. Westmonasterii, die 26 Martii, 1912. The Mass A Study of the Roman Liturgy Adrian Fortescue G P Goretti Publications 1200 Dozenal numeration is a system of thinking of numbers in twelves, rather than tens. Twelve is much more versatile, having four even divisors—2, 3, 4, and 6—as opposed to only two for ten. This means that such hatefulness as “0.333 ... ” for 1/3 and “0.1666 ... ” for 1/6 are things of the past, replaced by easy “0;4” (four twelfths) and “0;2” (two twelfths). In dozenal, counting goes “one, two, three, four, ve, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, elv, dozen; dozen one, dozen two, dozen three, dozen four, dozen ve, dozen six, dozen seven, dozen eight, dozen nine, dozen ten, dozen elv, two dozen, two dozen one ... ” It’s written as 2 2 3 such: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, , ,3 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1 , 1 , 20, 21 . Dozenal counting is at once much more ecient and much easier than decimal counting, and takes only a little bit of time to get used to. Further information can be had from the dozenal societies (http://www.dozenal.org), as well as in many other places on the Internet. This text is in the public domain, originally published in 1142 (1922). This document may be copied and distributed freely, as its text is in the public domain. Goretti Publications http://gorpub.freeshell.org [email protected] Table of Contents Editors’ Preface vii Preface ix Preface to the Second Edition xi I. The History of the Mass I. TheEucharist in the First ThreeCenturies 3 1. Liturgical Fragments in the New Testament ............. 3 2. The Liturgy in the Apostolic Fathers ................ 7 3. The Liturgy in the Second Century .................. 3 4. The Fathers of the Third Century . 16 5. Liturgical Uniformity in the First Three Centuries . 25 6. The Liturgy in the Early Church Orders . 28 7. The Liturgy in Apostolic Constitutions VIII . 31 8. Some Special Points .......................... 34 9. Influence of Jewish ritual ....................... 36 II. The Parent Rites and Their Descendants 3 3 1. The Development of the Parent Rites ................ 3 3 2. The Antiochene Rite ........................ 41 3. Liturgies derived from Antioch ................... 44 4. The Alexandrine Rite ........................ 49 5. The Gallican Rite .......................... 4 3 6. Table of Liturgies .......................... 55 III. The Origin of the Roman Rite 57 1. State of the Question ......................... 57 2. Earliest Liturgical Books ....................... 59 3. Latin as the Liturgical Language ................... 64 iii iv Contents 4. First Traces of the Roman Mass ................... 65 5. Conjectured Reconstructions of the Mass ............... 6 3 6. Bunsen’s Theory ........................... 70 7. Probst and Bickell .......................... 71 8. Dom Cagin .............................. 72 9. Mr. W. C. Bishop .......................... 73 .2 Dr. Baumstark ............................ 75 .3 Dr. Buchwald ............................ 76 10. Dr. Drews .............................. 79 11. Dom Cabrol ............................. 84 12. Concluding Remarks ......................... 85 IV. The Mass Since Gregory I 87 1. From Gregory I to Adrian I (590-795) . 87 2. The Spread of the Roman rite .................... 8 2 3. Gallican Influence .......................... 91 4. Dierent Kinds of Mass. Low Mass . 92 5. Mediæval and Later Commentators . 97 6. Mediæval derived rites ........................ 9 2 7. The Reform of Pius V (1570) .................... 2 8. Later Revisions and Modern Times ................. 42 II. The Order of the Mass V. To the Collects 92 1. Arrangements of the Parts of the Mass ............... 92 2 2. The Introit .............................. 3 3. The Celebrant’s Preparation ..................... 3 4. First Incensing of the Altar ..................... 53 5. Kyrie eleison ............................. 63 3 6. Gloria in Excelsis ........................... 3 7. Collects ................................ 103 VI. The Lessons 109 1. The Lessons in General . 109 2. Epistle ................................ 112 Contents v 3. Gradual, Alleluia, Tract and Sequence . 113 4. Gospel ................................ 120 5. Homily and Creed . 122 VII. The Mass of the Faithful to the Eucharis- tic Prayer 127 1. The Prayers of the Faithful . 127 2. The Oertory Act . 129 3. Azyme bread ............................ 12 3 4. The Oertory Chant . 131 5. Oertory Prayers . 131 6. The Incensing and Washing of Hands . 133 7. Secrets ................................. 135 VIII.The Canon 139 1. The Preface .............................. 139 2. Sanctus ................................140 3. Name, Extent and General Character of the Canon . 142 4. Te Igitur to the Words of Institution . 145 5. The Elevation ............................. 14 2 6. To the End of the Canon . 152 IX. The Communion 15 3 1. The Lord’s Prayer .......................... 15 3 2. Fraction, Commixture, Fermentum . 161 3. Kiss of Peace .............................164 4. The Communion Act . 165 5. Communion under One Kind . 168 6. Communion Prayers ......................... 16 3 7. Agnus Dei and Communion Antiphon . 171 X. After the Communion 173 1. Postcommunion and Oratio super Populum . 173 2. Dismissal ............................... 174 3. After the Dismissal . 175 vi Contents Appendices Appendix A. The Names of the Mass 179 Appendix B. The Epiklesis 181 Appendices for the New Edition Appendix C. Notes on the Text 187 Appendix D. About the Author 189 Editors’ Preface his series of Handbooks is designed to meet a need, which, the Editors be- lieve, has been widely felt, and which results in great measure from the pre- T dominant importance attached to Dogmatic and Moral Theology in the studies preliminary to the Priesthood. That the rst place must of necessity be given to these subjects will not be disputed. But there remains a large outlying eld of professional knowledge which is always in danger of being crowded out in the years before ordination, and the practical utility of which may not be fully realised until some experience of the ministry has been gained. It will be the aim of the present series to ofer the sort of help which is dictated by such experience, and its developments will be largely guided by the suggestions, past and future, of the Clergy themselves. To provide Textbooks for Dog- matic Treatises is not contemplated—at any rate not at the outset. On the other hand, the pastoral work of the missionary priests will be kept constantly in view, and the series will also deal with those historical and liturgical aspects of Catholic belief and practice which are every day being brought more into prominence. That the needs of English-speaking countries are, in these respects, exceptional, must be manifest to all. In point of treatment it seems desirable that the volumes should be popular rather than scholastic, but the Editors hope that by the selection of writers, fully competent in their special subjects, the information given may always be accurate and abreast of modern research. The kind approval of this scheme by His Grace the Archbishop of Westminster, in whose Diocese these manuals are edited, has suggested that the series should be introduced to the public under the general title of TheWestminster Library. It is hoped, however, that contributors may also be found among the distinguished Clergy of Ireland and America, and that the Westminster Library will be representative of Catholic scholarship in all Engiish-speaking countries. vii Preface his book is intended to supply information about the history of the Roman liturgy. The dogmatic side of the Mass is discussed by the Bishop of Newport in T the same series.1 The title shows that it is a study of the Roman rite. It is only in the Roman (or Gallican) rite that the Eucharistic service can correctly be called Mass. The chapter about other liturgies and the frequent references to them throughout are meant only to put our Roman Mass in its proper perspective and to illustrate its elements by comparison. In spite of the risk of repetition, the clearest plan seemed to be to discuss rst the origin and development of the Mass in general; and then to go through the service as it stands now, adding notes to each prayer and ceremony. The present time is perhaps hardly the most convenient for attempting a history of the Mass. For never before have there been so many or so various theories as to its origin, as to the development of the Canon, the Epiklesis and so on. Where the best authorities difer so widely it would be absurd to pretend to ofer a nal solution. I have no pretence of supplying a new answer to any of these questions, or even of taking a side nally among theories already proposed. The only reasonable course seems to be to state the chief systems now defended and to leave the reader to make up his own mind. I have however shewn some preference for the main ideas of Dr. Drews and Dr. Baumstark and for certain points advanced by Dr. Buchwald. And I have added a few general remarks on the points which seem to me to be fairly established. But this has not, I think, prevented a fair statement of other theories; nor should it make it more dicult for the reader to see the present state of the dicult questions. I doubt if it be possible to think of a solution of the main question (the order of the Canon) which has not yet been proposed, or of one that has not some diculties. At any rate I have thought of none such. The list of books at the end represents the chief sources used in writing this one. Though obviously exceedingly incomplete (a bibliography of the Mass would be a gigantic undertaking), it will perhaps be of some use as a rst guide to further study. If a reference in the notes is not complete it will be found complete there.