THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SELF-TRANSLATION IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY GARAZI ARRULA-RUIZ Supervisor: IBON URIBARRI ZENEKORTA Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spring 2018 (cc)2018 GARAZI ARRULA RUIZ (cc by-nc-nd 4.0) contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 3 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................... 9 1.1. THEORY OF POLYSYSTEMS ................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES AND BEYOND ....................................................................... 12 1.3. CORPUS-BASED APPROACH ............................................................................................................. 15 1.3.1. Corpus-based (self-)translation studies ................................................................................... 16 ON SELF-TRANSLATION ................................................................................................................... 21 2.1. SELF-TRANSLATION AS TRANSLATION ............................................................................................. 21 2.1.1. Towards a typology in self-translation .................................................................................... 25 2.1.2. The limits of a limitless practice .............................................................................................. 28 2.2. REASONS FOR SELF-TRANSLATION .................................................................................................. 33 2.2.1. From the author’s perspective................................................................................................. 34 2.2.2. From the literary system’s perspective.................................................................................... 37 2.2.3. Reasons not to ......................................................................................................................... 40 2.3. RECEPTION AND PRESENTATION OF SELF-TRANSLATION ............................................................... 42 2.3.1. Prestige and originality ........................................................................................................... 48 2.3.2. Version, rewriting and so on ................................................................................................... 53 2.4. SELF-TRANSLATION AND IDENTITIES ............................................................................................... 58 2.4.1. Self-translator’s identities ....................................................................................................... 58 2.4.1.1. Theory of Social Categorization ........................................................................................................ 61 2.4.1.2 Theory of Social Representation ........................................................................................................ 64 2.4.2. Self-translation, indicator of complex identities ..................................................................... 66 BASQUE LITERARY SYSTEM ............................................................................................................. 73 3.1. MINOR LANGUAGE .......................................................................................................................... 73 3.2. MINOR LITERATURE ......................................................................................................................... 75 3.2.1. Dependency of the literary field .............................................................................................. 82 3.3. BORDERS AND PERIPHERIES ............................................................................................................ 84 3.3.1. Translation, the periphery of peripheries ................................................................................ 86 EUSAL CATALOGUE ......................................................................................................................... 91 4.1. COMPILATION OF THE CATALOGUE ................................................................................................ 91 4.2. DESCRIPTION OF EUSAL CATALOGUE .............................................................................................. 93 FROM THE CATALOGUE TO THE CORPUS ....................................................................................... 105 5.1. CRITERIA ........................................................................................................................................ 105 5.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE CORPUS ....................................................................................................... 108 5.2.1. Compilation and features ...................................................................................................... 108 5.2.2. Making queries in the database ............................................................................................ 112 TEXTUAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 117 6.1. MACRO-TEXTUAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 117 6.2. MICRO-TEXTUAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 123 6.2.1. Analysis of cultural references............................................................................................... 123 6.2.1.1. Classification of culturemes ............................................................................................................ 126 6.2.1.2. Translation of cultural references ................................................................................................... 127 6.2.1.3. Object of study: A selection of culturemes ..................................................................................... 130 6.2.2. Analysis of heterolingualism ................................................................................................. 149 6.2.2.1. Some proposals on heterolingualism.............................................................................................. 150 6.2.2.2. Heterolingualism in translation from Basque ................................................................................. 154 6.2.2.3. Heterolingualism, a corpus-based study......................................................................................... 156 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................. 183 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................. 199 INDEX .......................................................................................................................................... 215 list of figures f Figure 1. Target languages. .......................................................... 94 Figure 2. Number of translations by decade. ...................................... 96 Figure 3. Genres. ...................................................................... 99 Figure 4. Places of publication......................................................100 Figure 5. Interface of TRACEaligner program. ....................................109 Figure 6. Inner structure of a tagged XML file. ...................................110 Figure 7. Alignment of a translation. ..............................................110 Figure 8. Interface of the search engine. .........................................112 Figure 9. Result of queries, an example. ..........................................113 Figure 10. Number of tokens in the STs. ..........................................132 Figure 11. Number of tokens in the TTs. ..........................................146 Figure 12. Sample of data in the Excel file. ......................................158 Figure 13. Predominance of proper nouns. .......................................161 Figure 14. Comparing translation techniques and languages. ..................174 listt of tables Table 1. First self-translations ....................................................... 95 Table 2. Years between the publication of ST and TT ............................ 97 Table 3. Most active self-translators ................................................ 97 Table 4. Texts in the corpus ........................................................106 Table 5. Number of words and sentences .........................................111 Table 6. Information on the copyright pages .....................................118 Table 7. The translation of the titles ..............................................119 Table 8. Chapters titles in EPA .....................................................120 Table 9. Chapters in ARK ............................................................120 Table 10. An example of discursive addition .....................................121 Table 11. Changes at sentence level in ROZ ......................................122 Table 12. Translation of "Euskal Herria" ...........................................133 Table 13. Translation of “euskaldun” and derived forms .......................135 Table 14. Translation of “Euskal” adjective ......................................138