Transforming Urban Mobility in Phnom Penh Towards Inclusive and Equitable Urban Accessibility Research Team Ph.D. Cand. M. Sc. BAETZNER Arnd (Lead) Dr. PHUN Veng Kheang Dr. YEN Yat and NGO Natharoun Copyright © 2021 By the United Nations Development Programme 53 Pasteur Street, Boeung Keng Kang 1, Phnom Penh, Cambodia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of UNDP Cambodia or partners. For contributions and feedback, please email us at [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research team would like to express their great appreciation to the stakeholders of urban mobility in Phnom Penh that kindly made themselves available as interview partners and made a tremendous contribution by providing the first-hand insights that essential parts of this report are based on. We wish to sincerely thank UNDP Country Director Mr Nick Beresford and UNDP Head of Policy Unit Ms Nimnuon Ivek for entrusting the research team to conduct this first hand research work on a topic crucial to further urban development. We also wish to specially acknowledge the highly valuable guidance and insights provided by the UNDP Cambodia team and The Center for Khmer Studies (CKS), particularly Mr. Wisal Hin, Mr. Natharoun Ngo, Ms. Lang Sok, Ms. Nimnuon Ivek, Mrs. Johanna Paola Gaba Legarta, Mr. Bora Phat. The research team’s special thanks go to CKS director Mr. Natharoun Ngo, who actively contributed to writing several sections of this report with a particular focus on social and economic aspects of urban development and mobility. His recommendations and inputs all along the research team’s research path provided an invaluable support. We also wish to thank Dr. Aurel Von Richthofen from Singapore-ETH Centre SEC, and Dr Thuon Try from CKS, for contributing with their time and feedback to the quality of this report. Our thanks also include the efficient assistance that the research team has received from Ms. Samedy Suong and Ms. Ngichlim Sea from CKS. Phnom Penh, Cambodia Ph.D. cand. M. Sc. Mr. Arnd N. Bätzner Dr. Veng Kheang Phun Dr. Yat Yen Transforming Urban Mobility In Phnom Penh Towards Inclusive and Equitable Urban Accessibility 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 5 2. OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1. Declared Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Methodology .................................................................................................................................................... 6 3. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1. Summary and Synopsis of Results ............................................................................................................ 8 3.2. Summary of Recommendations .................................................................................................................10 3.3. Representation as Infographic ....................................................................................................................11 4. URBAN STRUCTURES ..............................................................................................................................14 4.1. Urban Growth and Land Use .....................................................................................................................14 4.2. Public Green Spaces .....................................................................................................................................15 5. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES .........................................................................................................17 5.1. Urban Road Networks .................................................................................................................................. 17 5.2. Ring Roads .......................................................................................................................................................19 5.3. Infrastructure for New Urban Public Transport Modes .......................................................................20 5.4. Bridges and Ferries ......................................................................................................................................20 5.5. Sidewalks .........................................................................................................................................................21 5.6. Parking .............................................................................................................................................................23 5.7. Infrastructure Performance .......................................................................................................................25 5.7.1. System Stability and Disruptions .........................................................................................................26 5.7.2. Options for Improvement Measures ..................................................................................................27 6. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ....................................................................................................................28 6.1. Fixed-Route Transportation ........................................................................................................................28 6.1.1. Public Bus ...................................................................................................................................................29 6.1.2. Airport Train .................................................................................................................................................31 6.1.3. Water Taxi ...................................................................................................................................................33 6.2. PARATRANSIT: ON-DEMAND SERVICES ................................................................................................34 6.2.1. Motodop ......................................................................................................................................................34 6.2.2. Auto Rickshaws .........................................................................................................................................35 6.2.3. Metered/Ride-Hailing Taxis ...................................................................................................................36 6.2.4. Cyclo .............................................................................................................................................................37 6.2.5. Regulatory Issues .....................................................................................................................................37 6.2.6. Significance ................................................................................................................................................37 Transforming Urban Mobility In Phnom Penh 2 Towards Inclusive and Equitable Urban Accessibility 7. LOGISTICS AND COMMERCIAL CARGO TRANSPORT ......................................................................39 7.1. Urban Cargo Vehicles ..................................................................................................................................39 7.2. Street Vendors and Hawkers ......................................................................................................................41 7.2.1. Street Vendors ...........................................................................................................................................41 7.2.2. Hawkers........................................................................................................................................................41 7.3. Waste Management ....................................................................................................................................42 7.4. Heavy Freight Haulage ...............................................................................................................................43 8. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......................................................................................................45 8.1. Population .......................................................................................................................................................45 8.2. Employment ................................................................................................................................................... 47 8.3. Household Income and Expenditure .......................................................................................................48 8.4. Vehicle Ownership ......................................................................................................................................48 8.5. Environmental Conditions