Supplementary data Appendix Table 1: keywords NOACs dabigatran, pradaxa, abigatra, dabagatran, dabegatran, dibagatran, ibegatran, dibigatran, debegatran, debigatran, debagatran, dabigetran, dabegetran, dabagetran, debigetran, debagetran, debegetran, dibigetran, dibagetran, dibegetran, rivaroxaban, xarelto, rivarox, aroxab, riveroxaban, rivoroxaban, riviroxaban, revaroxaban, reviroxaban, reveroxaban, revoroxaban, raviroxaban, raveroxaban, ravaroxaban, ravoroxaban, raviroxeban, raveroxeban, ravaroxeban, ravoroxeban, rivaroxeban, riveroxeban, rivoroxeban, riviroxeban, revaroxeban, reviroxeban, reveroxeban, revoroxeban, xaretlo, xaralto, xaratlo, xirelto, apixaban, eliquis, apixeban, apixiban, apixoban, apaxiban, apaxeban, apaxaban, apaxoban, apexiban, apexaban, apexoban, apoxaban, apoxeban, apoxiban, apoxoban, eliquies, elicquis, rivarocaban, reberoxeran, rivavonabam Heparins heparin, monoparin, unihep, calciparine, hepsal, canusal, multiparin, minihep, unfractionated heparin, ufh, heperin, hepirin, haparin, hapirin, hiparin, hiperin, hipirin, monopar, calcipar, multipar, bemiparin, zibor, bemip,mipa bemiprin, bemeparin, bemaparin, bemoparin, bimeparin, bamiparin, bameparin, bemiparine, zibro, certoparin, alphaparin, topari, certoprin, certeparin, certaparin, certiparin, cartoparin, certoparine, cetroparin, alfaparin, alphaprin, alphap, phapa, dalteparin, fragmin, tepari, dalteprin, daltoparin, daltaparin, daltiparin, delteparin, deltiparin, deltoparin,dilteparin, diltaparin, dolteparin, doltaparin, doltiparin, dalteparine, fragmine, fragmi, framgin, enoxaparin, clexane, noxapa, enoxaprin, xapar, enoxiparin, enoxeparin, enaxaparin, enaxeparin, enaxiparin, enaxoparin, enoxaparine, claxane, clexa, lexan, reviparin, clivarine, revipa, reviprin, reveparin, revaparin, raviparin, reviparine, clivarin, clivar, ivari, tinzaparin, innohep, tinza, zapar, tinzaprin, tinzeparin, tinziparin, tinzoparin, tanziparin, tanzeparin, tanzaparin, tanzoparin, tenzoparin, tenzaparin, tenziparin, tinzaparine, inohep, enoxoparin fondaparinux, arixtra, fondap, dapari, parinux, fondaprinux, fondapinux, fondeparinux, fondaparinyx, fondaparinix, fondeparinyx, fondeparinix, arixt, arextra, Acetylsalicylic acid acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin, micropirin, nu-seals, aspro, caprin, angettes, acetyl salicylic acid, acetylsal, acetylsalycilic acid, acetylsalycylic acid, acetylsalycylyc acid, acetylsalycilyc acid, acatylsalicylic acid, acatylsalicylyc acid, acatylsalycylyc acid, acatylsalycylic acid, acetylsalisylic acid, aspirn, asprin, aspirine, asperin, pirin, micropirine, microperin, micropirrin, microperrin, nuseals, nu- saels, nusaels, micropi, ropiri, apsro, asrpo, angett, Table 2: medical and product codes in CPRD Total Knee Replacement codes medcode clinicalevents readterm 5362 35980 TKR -Total prosthetic replacement of knee joint using cement 3414 27645 Total prosthetic replacement of knee joint using cement 673 23071 Other total prosthetic replacement of knee joint NOS 3973 21002 TKR - Other total prosthetic replacement of knee joint 8555 16255 Other total prosthetic replacement of knee joint 28048 8575 Primary total knee replacement NEC 20746 1727 Primary cemented total knee replacement 9877 1450 TKR - Total prosthetic replacement knee joint without cement 17471 1365 Total prosthetic replacement of knee joint not using cement 94310 1300 Unicompartmental knee replacement NOS 10406 1102 Other arthroplasty of knee joint 11225 970 Cemented unicompartmental knee replacement 10372 848 Total prosthetic replacement of knee joint using cement OS 31977 477 Arthroplasty of knee joint using cement 8006 278 Total prosthetic replacement of knee joint using cement NOS 49053 208 Primary uncemented total knee replacement 9817 193 Uncemented unicompartmental knee replacement 36343 192 Primary cemented unicompartmental knee replacement 58612 145 Total prosthetic replacement knee joint not using cement NOS 54343 113 Primary uncemented unicompartmental knee replacement 37979 112 Other total prosthetic replacement of knee joint OS 101346 61 Prosthetic arthroplasty of the patellofemoral joint 47764 53 Arthroplasty of knee joint not using cement 55470 53 Hybrid unicompartmental knee replacement 61687 33 Attenborough total replacement of knee joint using cement 93344 31 Anametric total replacement of knee joint using cement 37950 29 Primary hybrid unicompartmental knee replacement 50829 29 Total prosthetic replacement knee joint not using cement OS 46475 26 Charnley total replacement of knee joint using cement 54860 24 Freeman total replacement of knee joint using cement 44775 19 Denham total replacement of knee joint using cement 63086 13 Uci total replacement of knee joint using cement 83544 12 Primary hybrid total knee replacement NEC 44926 10 Stanmore total replacement of knee joint using cement 55991 10 Sheehan total replacement of knee joint using cement 49813 7 Deane total replacement of knee joint using cement 47301 6 Polycentric total replacement of knee joint using cement 92246 6 Liverpool total replacement of knee joint using cement 49716 3 Swanson total replacement of knee joint using cement 63802 3 Geomedic total replacement of knee joint using cement 101522 3 Ilch total replacement of knee joint using cement 66707 2 Herbert total replacement of knee joint using cement 71456 2 Cavendish total replacement of knee joint using cement 99912 2 Manchester total replacement of knee joint using cement 101810 2 Wallidus hinge arthroplasty of knee joint using cement 70507 1 Shiers total replacement of knee joint using cement 103334 1 Autophor arthroplasty of knee joint using cement Total Hip Replacement codes medcode clinicalevents readterm 394 77247 Total prosthetic replacement of hip joint NOS 2224 35745 THR - Total prosthetic replacement of hip joint using cement 5481 18865 Total prosthetic replacement of hip joint using cement 2734 17051 THR - Other total prosthetic replacement of hip joint 9762 15253 Other total prosthetic replacement of hip joint 1092 11748 Hip joint operations 33439 6920 Primary total prosthetic replacement of hip joint NEC 7288 5163 Hemiarthroplasty of head of femur NEC 589 3566 THR - Total prosthetic replacement hip joint without cement 18442 3291 Total prosthetic replacement of hip joint not using cement 9070 3216 Prosthetic hemiarthroplasty of head of femur using cement 10856 2078 Primary cemented total hip replacement 6681 2027 Austin - Moore hemiarthroplasty of hip joint using cement 18004 1769 Thompson hemiarthroplasty of hip joint using cement 10011 1763 Other arthroplasty of hip joint 16671 1687 Charnley total replacement of hip joint using cement 11846 1212 Hip joint operations NOS 28468 1086 Exeter total replacement of hip joint using cement 29573 1028 Other prosthetic hemiarthroplasty of hip 47483 943 Primary uncemented total hip replacement 17860 830 Arthroplasty of hip joint using cement 38001 791 Total prosthetic replacement of hip joint using cement OS 25300 761 Other specified operations on hip joint 2226 760 Prosthetic cemented hemiarthroplasty of hip NOS 12847 713 Prosthetic cemented hemiarthroplasty of hip 12287 371 Austin Moore hemiarthroplasty of hip joint not using cement 10348 359 Primary hybrid total replacement of hip joint NEC 9739 341 Thompson hemiarthroplasty of hip joint not using cement 15049 326 Other specified other prosthetic hemiarthroplasty of hip 28808 298 Primary prosthetic hemiarthroplasty of hip NEC 47812 287 Total prosthetic replacement of hip joint using cement NOS 41116 281 Primary cemented hemiarthroplasty of hip 7171 276 Prosthetic hemiarthroplasty head of femur not using cement 27448 228 Other prosthetic hemiarthroplasty of hip NOS 37631 209 Other specified total prosthetic replacement of hip joint 38347 198 Total prosthetic replacement hip joint not using cement NOS 29977 174 Stanmore total replacement of hip joint using cement 38332 150 Furlong total replacement of hip joint using cement 43460 143 Prosthetic uncemented hemiarthroplasty of hip 52714 106 Charnley cemented total hip replacement 18818 99 Other arthroplasty of head of femur 6013 98 Muller total replacement of hip joint using cement 36590 93 Howse total replacement of hip joint using cement 71351 88 Aufranc total replacement of hip joint using cement 28022 75 Arthroplasty of head of femur using cement 47735 71 Furlong total replacement of hip joint not using cement 47482 70 Primary uncemented hemiarthroplasty of hip 48955 65 Hastings hemiarthroplasty of hip joint using cement 30019 63 Other replacement of head of femur 21366 55 Bateman hemiarthroplasty of hip joint not using cement 34911 53 Prosthetic cemented replacement of head of femur 61099 47 Monk hemiarthroplasty of hip joint using cement 58651 35 Arthroplasty of head of femur not using cement 10341 32 Total prosthetic replacement hip joint not using cement OS 62092 30 Turner total replacement of hip joint using cement 34997 29 McKee total replacement of hip joint using cement 34383 28 Prosthetic uncemented hemiarthroplasty of hip NOS 47715 28 Monk total replacement of hip joint using cement 55207 23 Primary hybrid total replacement of hip joint NEC 50091 14 Austin Moore hemiarthroplasty of hip joint not using cement 18865 13 Prosthetic replacement head of femur - no cement 52901 13 Freeman total replacement of hip joint using cement 62249 10 Monk hemiarthroplasty of hip joint not using cement 66139 9 Farrer total replacement of hip joint using cement 56215 6 Ilch total replacement of hip joint using cement 73951 5 Ring total replacement of hip joint not using cement 62046 4 Other