HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLE , OF SOUTHERN INDOCHIfNA Age~lcyfor Tnterbntltionixl Dovelop ment Washington, D.C. DEPARTMENT OF STATE OIVISIOW 8F LAICUAQE SEWVICES CIlAFTER ONE THE COUNTW :PA GE; 3.. Main Struc-tnral. Features of the Mountainous Regions . .. .1 2. The Tribes of .the kiLerG.or E'or.merl:y Occupied the Coa.sta1 Plains of Central and SouLhern Viet,nam . , . 2 3. The Hi.nterland .......................................... 3 4. Doundar*ies of .the tIinteubland . .. .. ., . 11 5 , The Central Plateau of hLndochj.n.a and the (;~:ri.L~*a.i.Depressior! 5 I. Mountain .People of the NorLh and. the Sou.th . .. .. ... 2. Fi.rbst Historical Record of -the Mountain PeopLf. .. .. 3. 0r:igins o.f the Moun'tain I'eop1.e .. .. .. .. .. 4.. Melanesians ............,............................*... 5. Indonesians .....,..................,.....o,.a.......+... 6 . Mourrtain People of Southern Ind.ochina 12el.al;ed to Coastal I'eopl-es of the Pacific . .. .. .. 7. Diversity of the Mountain Peop1.e . .. .. .. .. , . *. CIIBPTER 111 THE SETTmG OF l3-E MPS AND THEIR mU.TIONS WITH NEIaIBORLNG COIJNTRES 1. In Ancient Times ........................................ 2. Relztions with India ...................,............*... 3 4 First Hindu Se.ttlements and their Effects ............... 4.. Funan ......................................a.........o.. 5. Hinduized Indonesians and Indonesians of the Mountains . 6. The Champa .........,..........,.e.....a.............~... 7. Ekpansion of -the Champa ................................a.. 8. Resistance by the Earlier Coastal 1lwell.ers . .. .. .. 9 Trade and Wars ........,........................~....t... LO. The Cham and the Mountain People ........................ 11. Influence of the Mountain People on the Cham ............ u..Characteristics of the Cham Occupation and its Beriefits 13 3. The Vietnamese .......................,........~.4,~....e CHAPTER IV FIRST CONFEDEMTIONS OF MOUNTAIN PE0PI.B 1. Formation and Differentiation of Dialects .................. 20 2 . Fan Wen .................................................... 21 3 . The Principality of the Ma ................................. 22 4 . The Jarai and their "Sadet" ................................ 22 5 . The Patau Pui and the Cambodians ........................... 23 CEIAPTER V MOUPaTAIN TZEGIONS CAUGIT ElWER WARRmG KHMERS AND CHAM FROM .11th TO -L5th CENTURY I.. AreaIiuled'bytkleKhmers .......................... ......... 25 2 . The Pla-teaus. Battler ield 01' Lhe Warring Khmer and Cham . Peop1.e~................................................... 26 3. Western Part of the Plateaus Occupied by the Cham .......... 27 & . IJoss of .the Iijnterland by the Cham ............................ 30 THE %:AS?'EFiNPART OF T1-IE: HINTE;mND FROM THE 15th TO SPITE I~EG~NINGOF THE 19i;h CENTURY The Mountain Peop1.e from .the 15th .to the l7-Lh Century . , .... Waning of the Sadet s Inf 1-uence ............................ Downfa1.l of .the Che Ma Pri.ricipality ........................ The Organization of the Moi . Courstry by .the Vietnamese, and the Expansion of Vietnam Toward .the South ................ Aim and Proce&u.res of .the Viei.namese Administration ........ Adminis.tra.t5.ve and. I?iscal. Organization ..................... Commercial. Organization ...............................e.,... The IZevolt of 1761 ......................................... The Tay Son and .the Mountain People ........................ The Administrative Achievements of Gia Long ................ The Vietnamese, the Cham and the Mountain People of Binh Thuan Province . Po Cheun Chan ................................. CIUYI'ER VII THE WSTEIW PART OF 'ME HINmRIABD FROM THE 15th TO TEE EARLY 19th CENTUEIY 1. Slave Raids ................................................ 53 2 . The Retreat of .the Khmers .................................. 54 3 . The Advance of the Laotians ................................ 55 4. Siam and Laos at War .............................. .. ...... 56 5 . The Siamese Invasion ....................................... 57 6 . Revolts ..................................................... 58 TElE MOUIVI'ABQ PEOPLE FROM TIE RESrmMTION OF THE NGWEN IN ANMM UfaTIL 1859 The Stieng Panduranga ...................................a...-a-... Son Phong : the Mi.1itary A ccornp1iskunen.t s; Pisca.1. Reorg:iyij.~,a,- tion; Admrinis-trative Iteorganization; Trade arid !;i~rrui~i::~-cc. .. The 'i'ribes of -the HighLa.nci PLa-tet~us: Sedarig , Bahnn.r, Jarai, Iihade, etc. ..................................... Establishment o.C the Ca.thol.j.c Mit;sion in lior~tun~......... The Mounl;,air\ People Du.r:i.~ig the 1:'rench Occuyti.t:j.o!. cj I' Cochi-rl-.Ch.i.riil. .................... .. .................... Tay Ninh ................................................ 1'o.u Combo .........................................a;+e.+ r,ihe Canbod.i.n.r:i:; a-L Srelc !E"kv-~ri ............................. 'I'he MLssi-on 01.' A. (;an't,:ier ............................... !The Mouri-La.:i.ri '1'r:ibtis i.n -the Annc-trn:i-1,s Il.t,&'.71 or1 :3 * . - , . 'S.'huan Klianh ............................................. IS.ua.ng Ngai. ............,..........,.....~..e.,......sa-.e. Se F3ang Iii.erig ........................,..,... ...... ... The Mi.s:c:ion ............................................ Revolt of the Sc)?o.l.aro .................................. Siamese Encroachment .................................... The Koritum Mission ...................................... 'The Balilriar-Roxigao Coni'edera Lior~ ....................... .. Mxyrena ...............,...........................e*.,h. The Pavie Mission ....................................... Cupet ................................................. Se Dori and Se Barigg 1i:i.eng ................................ :I.89.3-1925 mSITANCY - CONT'US1:ON - mTIGATS '.PE.Ti-iE APOSTLES AhTD TIE VICTmS Revolt of Phu Yerl (1900) ................................. The Bo:l.ovens (%901--07) ................................... .Assassirlation of IIo'be.ri; at .the River Psi Post (1.901) . , , . The Jarai. 'The Sa.det. Lose Thei.r Prestige ................ A ssassinati.on of Oderid ha:/- ................... .... ....... Orgai?i.zation of the Iiinterlarid ........................... The Pi.oneers ............................................. Me Sao ,.................,,,.~...~.L....L..L.~..~n.~...o The End of the Son Phong ...,......,...,.........e..e..e* Sabatier ...............,.........e.........~+e.......*.a The Southern Hinterland ...,,.....,..,.......,,.....,,.,t I'A. CIF ICATJON The Circular of July 30, 192% ........................... At the Frontiers of Cochin-China--Progress and Incidents Agitation in Kontum ..................................... The Kha Th .............................................. LS 110. 51833 C/R-XVII French The present study, bepn in 1951, was conti.nt.ted at the suggestion of H,E. the Director of the Inlperial Cabinet, Having 23.ved for the past three years far from the plateaus of the "montagnards" and the libraries of Saigon and Hanoi, I have been unable to continue my documentation beyond 1945-46, and I therefore chose, this point: at ,which to break off my narrative. This accounts for the absence of references to disposi~.i.ons and docunlents compiled by authority of the Imperial Cabinet: and of his Majesty. My thanks are due to Mrc Fraa~oisPaul. Antoine, H, M, Commissio~~er for the Education of the WS, who was kind enough to encourage this paper, review the text:, and give me the benefit of his val-uable experience with the mountain tribes, The geographi.ca1 sketches are reproduced by courtesy of Mr. Delacour, Assistant to the Director of the Ptxb1i.c Works Department in Phnom I?cnh, and of 'Messrs. Bui-Quang-Tra and Nguyen-Bao-Loc, both engineers with the Cambodian Public Works Department. I should lilce in this foreword to place on record my sincere gratitude to them, Bernard Bourotte DEPARTMENT OF STATE DlVlSlON OF Lh#CUhQE SERVICES LS ~0.54701 T-~~/K-zv French Appendix Index of Vietnamese Names Maps Page Fj g. I - The "mc,nLagnardl' peoples of SouLhcrn rndochina ....... 1 " 2 - Fi.ghti.ng .i.n [:lie vicini.Ly of Yal-i ..,........... ;? 9 " 3 - Search for eaglewood .................... Ir :? " 5 - 'The S6 l3ang I4i$ng Region. .................. 56 " 6 - The Son Phong .............. 61 " 7 - Movenlerit of the tri bc?s Ilrom the 1.81Jil Iro the 79th centllry . 67 " 8 - Wginnings oE the I<onl.ur~~Mission .............. 'T L " LO - Pavi-e Mi-ssion. Cupet's 1.ti.nerary .............. 91 " 11. - Southern Hint:erland. ..................... 11 6 1 27 " 1.2 - Operations - 1945-1947 .................... THE ZlISTOKY OF 'CIZE MOUNTAIN PEOPLE OX;' SOUTIERN TNDOCHTNA UP 1'0 1.945 CWP%'ElI ONE ---.-- 7.'1.112 C otIwrl<y 1. MAIN STKIJCTUIUL FEATURES OF rIlilJ3 MOUNTAINOIJS 1IEG:CONS The mountains of Asia are t:he highest in the world. In prelti.:;toric tin~e?the southernmost of these rallges were thrust: against the very anc.i.ent , tltick, resistant mass:i.E of sou tlzerrl Ch:i.na, '[.'heir mountain folds, close-packed ant1 deflected toward the croutll, extend .L across T.ndoclii.ua until they reach a fracture marked by the, Ai.1.ao" Pass and the course of the Se Bang Itieng river. South of this line, whi.ch runs close to the 17th parallel N, the physl.cal. structure of Indoch.i.ria changes : in contrast to t:he close successio~l of parall.e:l. fol.ds fotmd In the north, souti~ernZndoc11j.ni~ resembles a vast sandstone tableland, Starting from the east, it slopes gent1.y toward the Melcong in a series of broad tiers