Assembly and evolution of the Amazonian Biota and its environment: An integrative approach Lúcia G. Lohmann (Universidade de São Paulo) Joel Cracraft (American Museum of Natural History) FAPESP 2012/50260-6 NSF 1241066 !"#$%&'($)*+,#))$-#"$.#/+ Brazil Canada >/2?*"'2%$%*+%*+DF#+G$4)#+ >/2?*"'279+#5+C#"#/7#+ >/2?*"'2%$%*+B*%*"$)+%*+=#2H'+ United States >/2?*"'2%$%*+B*%*"$)+%#+G$"H+ 01*"2($/+34'*41+#5++ >/2?*"'2%$%*+K'7$%4$)++ ++6$74"$)+82'7#"9+ ++%*+,$1L2/$'+ ,279+>/2?*"'279+6*:+;#"<+ 34'*4+G$"$*/'*+K1N)2#+=#*)%2+ B2*)%+34'*41+#5++ ++6$74"$)+82'7#"9+ J/'.747#+6$(2#/$)+%*++ ++G*'O42'$'+%$+01$PQ/2$++ 32%%)*+C*//*''**++ ++D7$7*+>/2?*"'279+ Argentina 6$74"$)+82'7#"9+34'*41++ ++E#'+0/A*)*'+,#4/79+ ,I6J,KC&J/'.747#+D4L*"2#"++ %*+K/7#1#)#A2$M+C4(41H/+ 6*:+;#"<+!#7$/2($)+=$"%*/+ Great Britain >/2?*"'279+#5+32(@2A$/+ >/2?*"'279+#5+K%2/-4"A@+ >/2?*"'279+#5+,#)#"$%#+ The Amazon Basin • One of the most biodiverse areas on Earth but little is still known about the processes that led to such great diversity • Many uncertainties remain about its geological history, age of formation, and extension of its aquatic systems • Some models claim that the Amazon was established during the Miocene while others have established its origin in the Pleistocene • Broad Objective: Achieve a new evolutionary and environmental synthesis of Amazonia of 20 3 !""#$%&'(")"&)*+"$#,*&*(-.."$%")&*-..)&/01&&Meeting these scientific challenge calls for +$'"%1-#2"&*10))34+)*+5.+$-16&)'74+")&integrative cross-disciplinary studies PART I Characterization of Amazonian biodiversity - How is biodiversity spatially distributed across Amazonia? - How are species distributions organized into patterns of endemism? - What are the biotic and abiotic environmental associations with those diversity patterns? Herbaria with significant Amazonian collections !"#$%& '( )*+*,* - ./"012 3( - Existing Amazonian Plant Specimens: ca. 1.5 million - Collection Density: 0.15-0.20 specimens/km2 (contrast with England: ca. 28 specimens/km2) Digitizing Specimens Aggregating Data Data Limitations - Misidentified specimens - Specimens without coordinates - Specimens with wrong coordinates Vertebrate Data sets • There are at least 400.000 records of vertebrates from Amazonia available at GBIF, of these: Birds = 170.000 records Primates = 6.000 records (31.000 georeferrenced) (2.000 georeferrenced) Collaborating Institutions • AMNH hold ca. 67.000 specimens • FMNH holds ca. 58.000 • INPA, Museu Goeldi, MZUSP & other Brazilian collaborators Amphilophium Arrabidaea Arrabidaea paniculatum affinis rego Arrabidaea Anemopaegma Adenocalymma chica laeve bracteatum What are the patterns of diversity and endemism within groups? Are those patterns congruent across groups? Do these patterns relate to the environmental history of Amazonia? Data sets will be made available through Sinbiota and through “The Evolutionary Atlas of Amazonian Biodiversity” a WebPortal that is being constructed as part of this project Atlas of Amazonian Biodiversity Main Goals: • To communicate what is known and what is not known about Amazonian biodiversity and evolution. • To inspire people to understand this incredible landscape and its plant and animal life from an evolutionary perspective. PART II Phylogenetic and phylogeographic history of selected Amazonian taxa - What has been the evolutionary history of the Amazonian biota and how was it generated? - Selected Organisms: i. Butterflies (selected clades of Nymphalidae & Riodinidae) ii. Primates (Callicebus, Cacajao, Chiropotes, Mico, Saimiri, Saguinus) iii. Birds (selected clades of Amazonian birds) iv. Plants (Bignoniaceae & Lecythidaceae) Mimetic butterflies Advantages of this system: - Well-sampled across their ranges - Well-understood from a systematic perspective - Geographically variable with congruent distributions - Recently-enough diverged to allow for plausible molecular- clock estimates !"#$(<&=$><($ -?(""(,,((&;*+*(&.")@($,)*A4 !"#$%&'$()*+,&-./01!234 5+$)"+&678+,&-19/!:.;34 Phylogenetic relationships of the butterfly family Nymphalidae based on nDNA & mtDNA data (Wahlberg et al. 2009) ;7BC+D)EA&F+"+)"+( ?$)B(&0*G>D))")& !"#$$"%&'()'% !"*$$$")+,-.%&'()/("-.('%012-3% H("7,&!"#$%&'$() !"#$"%&'()'% !"24'-"#$$"-.('%012-3% Phylogeography and speciation in Heliconius hermathena (Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae; Heliconiini) in Amazonian sand forests (“campinaranas”) Selected Neotropical Monkeys - Estimate temporal and spatial diversification patterns of selected genera, especially: (a) Callicebus (b) Cacajao (c) Chiropotes (d) Mico (e) Saimiri (f) Saguinus - Correlate diversification patterns to physical barriers along the geographic distribution of taxa Jean Boubli (University of Salford, UK) Horácio Schneider & Iracilda Sampaio (UFPA) Phylogeny of the New World Titi Monkeys (Callicebus) • Sampling • 15 species • 73 individuals J. Boubli et al. (2014, MPE) Putting our results into perspectives .$/0%1,2$% orquatu "3% T !"#$% &'"()%*)+,-% <"=$'%>?@%AB4% C))$'%>?@%AB4Group torquatus% 4,5$'6$07$% 1 enus 8.9:;% G 1 torquatus 8.86 6.60 11.14 Group personatus ersonatus 2 personatus 7.04 4.70 Group9.09P donacophilus 2 3 donacophilus 3.69 2.39 5.04 enus 4 cupreus-moloch 2.07 3 1.44 2.72G ! Group cupreus Mico – Callithrix 5.96 3.83 8.59 4 Cebus – Sapajus 6 3.13 9.35 ‘New’ Cacajao -Chiropotes 6.91 4.56 9.34 Lagothrix-Brachyteles 9.53 6.10 Genus 13.44 Leontopithecus – Callimico/Cebuella/ 13.55 9.86 17.27 Mico/Callithrix Group molochDrawings by Stephen Nash ! !"#$%#"&'"()*+,-.)-"/-)0$" 1)**.2"342.0-45)6"6)7,*" Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Spatial and temporal patterns of diversification on the Amazon: A test of the riverine hypothesis for all diurnal primates of Rio Negro and Rio Branco in Brazil a,b, b c,d c,e Jean P. Boubli ⇑, Camila Ribas , Jessica W. Lynch Alfaro , Michael E. Alfaro , Maria Nazareth F. da Silva b, Gabriela M. Pinho f, Izeni P. Farias f a School of Environment and Life Sciences, 315 Peel Building, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK b Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia INPA, Manaus, Brazil c Institute for Society and Genetics, 1321 Rolfe Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA d Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA e Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA f Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Manaus, AM, Brazil article info abstract Article history: The role of Amazonian rivers as drivers of speciation through vicariance remains controversial. Here we Received 1 October 2013 explore the riverine hypothesis by comparing spatial and temporal concordances in pattern of diversifi- Revised 27 August 2014 cation for all diurnal primates of Rio Negro and its largest tributary, Rio Branco. We built a comprehensive Accepted 9 September 2014 comparative phylogenetic timetree to identify sister lineages of primates based on mitochondrial cyto- Available online xxxx chrome b DNA sequences from 94 samples, including 19 of the 20 species of diurnal primates from our study region and 17 related taxa from elsewhere. Of the ten primate genera found in this region, three Keywords: had populations on opposite banks of Rio Negro that formed reciprocally monophyletic clades, with Amazonia roughly similar divergence times (Cebus: 1.85 Ma, HPD 95% 1.19–2.62; Callicebus: 0.83 Ma HPD 95% Platyrrhini Phylogeography 0.36–1.32, Cacajao: 1.09 Ma, 95% HPD 0.58–1.77). This also coincided with time of divergence of several River barrier allopatric species of Amazonian birds separated by this river as reported by other authors. Our data offer Riverine hypothesis support for the riverine hypothesis and for a Plio-Pleistocene time of origin for Amazonian drainage sys- Vicariance tem. We showed that Rio Branco was an important geographical barrier, limiting the distribution of six primate genera: Cacajao, Callicebus, Cebus to the west and Pithecia, Saguinus, Sapajus to the east. The role of this river as a vicariant agent however, was less clear. For example, Chiropotes sagulata on the left bank of the Rio Branco formed a clade with C. chiropotes from the Amazonas Department of Venezuela, north of Rio Branco headwaters, with C. israelita on the right bank of the Rio Branco as the sister taxon to C. chi- ropotes + C. sagulata. Although we showed that the formation of the Rio Negro was important in driving diversification in some of our studied taxa, future studies including more extensive sampling of markers across the genome would help determine what processes contributed to the evolutionary history of the remaining primate genera. Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction New World, with the greatest concentration in the Amazon Basin. The origins of such high species diversity remain poorly under- Of the more than 685 taxa (species and subspecies) of recog- stood. One of the first proponents of a mechanism to account for nized primates (Mittermeier et al., 2013) approximately one third the high primate species diversity in Amazonia was the British nat- (164 taxa, 20 genera, 5 families; Paglia et al., 2012) are found in the uralist Alfred R. Wallace. While on a collecting expedition to Brazil in the mid 19th century, Wallace noticed that primate species on opposite banks of large Amazonian rivers substituted one another Corresponding author at: School of Environment