FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Translation Series No. 1503 Toxicological and biochemical research of pesticides using radioisotopes. By Junichi Fukami .Original titlè: RI riyo ni yOru Noyaku no Yakuri-to Seikagaki. U - •' • From: • Hoshàseibushiteu (Radioisotopes), 18 (9): 385-401, 1969. .Translated by the ,TranslatiOn Bureau (MI) , FOreign Languages Division - Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Fisheries Research Board of Canada Freshwater Institute Winnipeg, Manitoba 1970- 68 pages typescript Fe-e /5 o3 DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT • .. TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DES LgANGUES DIVISION , CANADA ÉTRANGÈRES TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN Japanese. English AUTHOR - AUTEUR FUKAMI, Junichi TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Toxicological and Biochemical Research of Pesticides Using Radioisitopes Title in foreign language (transliterate foreign charaetera) RI riyo ni yoru Noyaku no Yakuri to Seikagaku REF5RENCE IN FOREIGN I,ANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS. REFERENCE EN LANGUE ETRANGERE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET.TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTERES PHONETIQUES. possible) Hoshaseibushiteu (or Hoshano bushitsu, Hoshasengaku) REFERENCE IN ENGLISFI - RÉFéRENCE EN ANGLAIS Radioisotopes PUBL ISH ER - EDIT EU R PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS no clue available to identify DATE DE PUBLICATION . L'ORIGINAL YEAR ISSUE NO. 385 - 14 01 VOLUME • AN- NÉE NUMÉRO PLACE OF PUBLICATION NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION NOMBFtE DE PAGES DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES no clue available to identify 1969 18 9 1 - 68 REQUE.STING DEPARTMENT Fores try TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. Fisheries & 1061 MIN ISTERE-CLIENT NOTRE DOSSIER NO BRANCH OR DIVISION Fisheries Research Board TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) M. DIRECTION OU DIVISION TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) I Dr. Jack Uthe, Freshwater • PERSON REQUESTING DATE C.OMPLETED DEMANDE PAR institute. Winnipeg, Man. ACHEVE LE 28.7 .70 YOUR NUMBER 769.-18-14. VOTRE DOSSIER N° DATE OF REQUEST 13.5.70 • • DATE DE LA DEMANDE SOS-200-10.8 (R EV. 2/014 , f / 5-0 DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT ' eTRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES 'TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DIVISION DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES CANADA CLIENT'S NO. DEPARTMENT ' OIVISION/BRANCH cm, ' •N9 OU CLIENT • MINISTERE DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE 769,- 1 8-14 Fisheries & Forestry. Fisheries .Research Board'Winnipeg Mari BUREAU ND. L.ANGUAGE .TRANSLATOR (INITIALS)' MMrE No DU BUREAU LANGUE . TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) 1061 Japanese . M.I... 29 Jule-1970 Review Article /385 TOXICOLOGICAL.AND BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH OF PESTICIDES USING' RADIOISOTOPES • - . by • • • • . • Junichi FUKAMI Laboratory of . Entomological Toxicology Riken (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Radioisotopes Vol. 18, No. 99 PP. 385-401 (1969) Translator's Note: • • • Table of Contents was added for clarity.- Some figures and chemical structures:were misprinted, and therefore they were rewritten, referring to:other chemical literature. The authOr mixed English terms, in phonetic writing ., .with German terms and they were translated into English. Some reference numbers in the text were misprinted, and by checking the authors' names, some could be . corrécted. A few could not be locate d. in the text,.while a few others were illegible (foot notes). The translator did obtain the author's address:. Riken, YamatomaChi, Kitaadaphi, Saitama, Japan.. UNEDITED DRAFT TRANSLATION •Orily for information TRADUCTION NON REVISÉE .nforrnzCien soule.ment SOS-200-10-31 CONTENTS . .. . Page (Original • 1 • introduction . • • - 2 • . (385) .2- Insecticides - *. ". ' • 7 (386) • . • 7 . 0 .. 2.1 Insecticides ' . .. • ' 2:1.1 Rotencids . • 7 • 2.1.2 Pyrethroids- . 12 . (387) 2.2 OrganôphOsphates 16 (388) 2.2.1 Exchange Reactions between S and 0 2.2..2 Oxidations of Sulfur 2.2,3 Hydroxylations of Alkyl Side Chains and N-dealkylations ., .22 2.3 Carbamate Insecticides • ., 24 2.4 Organochloro Insecticides • .. 31 2.5 Inductive Avtivation of Drug-oxidizing Enzymes by Organochloro Insecticides • 36 (392) 3 Weedkillers 39 (393) 3.1 Trifluralin 40 3.2 Diphenamide 40 3.3 Diuron, Monuron 41 3.4 Dicamba 43 (394) 3.5 Paraquat, Diquat 44 3.6 Simazine, Atrazine 45 ( 3.7 Propanil • 47 (395) 3.8 Naphthaleneacetic Acid 49 II • 4 Fungicides • 50 5 Selective TOxicity 56 (397) 5.1 Selective Tocicity of Rotenone 56 5.2 Selective Toxicity of Parathion Type Insecticides 60 (398) Bibliography • 65 • .40. 2 - I. INTRODUCTION The remarkable advances in developing various pesti- cides together with the steady improvements of agricultural technology in the recent years resulted in almost consecutive increases of annual crops of rice and yields of other agri- cultural products, particularly fruit and vegetables. The consumption of pesticides in this.country also increased enorMously in -recent years.« In fact, the increment could •e . figured out from the difference in 'total output 's of pesticides, • *four billion Yens* .in . 1951 and Sixty-seVen billion and one ..hundred million yens* in 1967. Of these pesticides produced, More than .90% of the products** arè.organic-chemically synthesized compoundè. The pesticides comMonly used.during abd before the • - war*** were either natizral organic compounds such as - rotenoids and. pyrethroids Or inorganic compounds', for example, - arsenic chemicals. Consequently, nobody had shown interest in cumulative or residual toxicity of the pesticides. However, many organic synthesis products including DDT, BHC, parathion, 2.4-D, organomercuric preparations and others became the more common ■••■ pesticides fter the war. While these synthetic organic pesticides became popular, the unfavourable effects on the general health of human beings also started to appear. These *Translator's Note: 4,000,000,000 yens and 67,100,000,000 yens. 330 yens = 1 Canadian dollar. ** " " 90% of the kinds of product or of the total amounts? *** " referring to W.W. II. — 3 -- effects are indeed the . dark , side of the application -of pesticides-, and théy'include i.e. the' poisoning .of users • of the pesticides, pesticide reeidties in the agricultural. prOducts,,and . destruction of useful predatory'insects and. animals. R.C. CarSon's "Silent Spring" (translatedinto : Japanese" Sei to Shi no Myoya1u",.1962) 1). and the Yàesner Report 2) of-America, • aroused the common intereSti_n the . secondary. effects 0±' pesticides,. emphasizing that in order to reduce the unfavourable side effects of pesticides, safer, and selective.methods of removing unwanted insects should . be developéd. They suggested that (a)*the•use of.selectively toxic compotinds, (h) compounds Which did not leave residual - matter, (c) application of methods which were selective in use or' (d) the use of attractants and,cheMicals which inter-: fered only with reproductiOn-, and further development of methods whiCh did'not use ' any . chemical at all; might be.the solutions. - In order to expioreHthese suggested methods, it • is.important.to study the mechanism.of the action of:pesti-: çides, namely, their comparative toxicities, the metabbliems in insects,. mammals, and Plante:1w- Understanding -Ole processes . of the pesticides to *be . decompoeed and deactivated in nature : is aleo one of the more important basic:problems to be studied. In . generà1, newer methods.of removal of . insects are expected to be derived from the resulte of the studies of baeic . problems rather than from cumulating . experiences'only. These studies shouId.aIso yield helpful:improvements and solutions in removal of the insects which were rapidlibecoming resistant. to the-existing.insecticides i. The 'author has been Working in one of:thèselasic problem areas,. . particularly the selective' insecticidal aCtion of insecticides l *for. some.years. Although their 'margins of selectivity are rather . wide, we - have already found some insecticides which have a very low toxicity - fàr mammals and-destrby only the harmful insects. The différence in the'activities of these insecticides - against insecté and, maffimals is mostly depending.on . the qualitative and quantitative differenCes of the metabolism systems of theâe living'creatures. The•Metaboiisms of the-pesticides'and other chemicals are, . mainly, depending on the action of their ' enz ymes. Therefore the result of the, se enzyme actions - activation and deacti- vation of pesticides --appear to yield the .width of the margins of selectivitY of' the peàticides. The firàt step • in the metabolism'of the pesticides introduced into the body ' is'probablY oxidation„reduction and hydrolysis, and the second àtep is the formation.of complexes of their primary . .metabOlism products. The procesées - and the -mechanisms have been explored •mainly by using pesticides labeled mith radio • isotopes....This,author intends to ipreSent examples of applications of radioisotopes mainiy'in the studies of- oXidative metabolism,.which has been most .carefully studied and further, explain their applications in hydrolysis and *complex formation reaction«. It wouldplease the author greatly'if.this article could arouse the interest of those who were engaged in the studieè of the areas not directly related to the pharmacology of insects. As for thé oxidation of the Chemicals, it:is•Well • . known that tWo systems 'aire participating . in biological . , oxidations.one is - the enzyme system which oxidizes the substrate in the mammalian liver