o OmJ number 54 may 1988 european space agency agence spatiale europeenne The European Space Agency was formed out of, and L'Agence Spatiale Europeenne est issue des deux took over the rights and obligations of, the two earlier Organisations spatia/es europeennes qui I'ont precedee European Space Organisations: the European Space - I'Organisation europeenne de recherches spatiales Research Organisation (ESRO) and the European (CERS) et I'Organisation europeenne pour la mise au Organisation for the Development and Construction of point et la construction de lanceurs d'engins spatiaux Space Veh icle Launchers (ELDO). The Member States (CECLES) - dont elle a repris les droits et obligations. are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Les Etats membres en sont: l'Allemagne, I'Autriche, la Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Belgique, le Danemark, I'Espagne, la France, I'lrlande, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Finland is an /'/talie, la Norvege, les Pays-Bas, le Royaume-Uni, la Associate Member of the Agency. Canada is a Suede et la Suisse. Finlande est membre associe de Cooperating State. I'Agence. Le Canada beneficie d'un statut d'Etat cooperant. In the words of the Convention: The purpose of the Agen­ Se/on les termes de la Convention: L'Agence a pour mis­ cy shall be to provide for and to promote, for exclusively sion d'assurer et de developper. a des fins exclusivement peaceful purposes, co-operation among European pacifiques, la cooperation entre Etats europeens dans States in space research and technology and their space les domaines de la recherche et de la technologie applications, with a view to their being used for scientific spatiales et de leurs applications spatiales, en vue de purposes and for operational space applications leur utilisation a des fins scientifiques et pour des systems. systemes spatiaux operationnels d'applications: (a) by elaborating and implementing a long-term Euro­ (a) en elaborant et en mettant en oeuvre une politique pean space policy, by recommending space objec­ spatiale europeenne a long terme, en recomman­ tives to the Member States, and by concerting the dant aux Etats membres des objectifs en matiere policies of the Member States with respect to other spatiale et en concertant les politiques des Etats national and international organisations and in­ membres a I'egard d 'autres organisations et institu­ stitutions; tions nationales et internationales; (b) by elaborating and implementing activities and pro­ (b) en elaborant et en mettant en oeuvre des activites et grammes in the space field; des programmes dans le domaine spatial; (c) by co-ordinating the European space programme (c) en coordonnant le programme spatial europeen et and national programmes, and by integrating the lat­ les programmes nationaux, et en integrant ces der­ ter progressively and as completely as possible into niers progressivement et aussi completement que the European space programme, in particular as possible dans le programme spatial europeen, regards the development of applications satellites; notamment en ce qui concerne le developpement (d) by elaborating and implementing the industrial de satellite d 'applications. policy appropriate to its programme and by recom­ (d) en elaborant et en mettant en oeuvre la politique in­ mending a coherent industrial policy to the Member dustrielle appropriee a son programme et en recom­ States. mandant aux Etats membres une politique industrielle coMrente. The Agency is directed by a Council composed of L'Agence est dirigee par un Conseil, compose de representatives of Member States. The Director General representants des Etats membres. Le Directeur general is the chief executive of the Agency and its legal est le fonctionnaire executif superieur de I'Agence et la representative. represente dans tous ses actes. The Directorate of the Agency consists of the Director Le Directoire de l'Agence est compose du Directeur General; the Inspector General; the Director of Scientific general; de I'lnspecteur general; du Directeur des Pro­ Programmes; the Director of the Earth Observation and grammes scientifiques; du Directeur des Programmes Microgravity Programme; the Director of the Telecom­ d 'Observation de la Terre et de Microgravite; du munications Programme; the Director of Space Transpor­ Directeur du Programme de Telecommunications; du tation Systems; the Director of the Space Station and Directeur des Systemes de Transport spatial; du Platforms Programme; the Director of ESTEC ; the Direc­ Directeur du Programme Station spatiale et Plates­ tor of Operations and the Director of Administration. formes; du Directeur de I'ESTEC, du Directeur des Operations et du Directeur de l'Administration. The ESA HEADQUARTERS are in Paris. Le SIEGE de I'ESA est a PariS. The major establishments of ESA are: Les principaux Etablissements de I'ESA sont: THE EUROPEAN SPACE RESEARCH AND LE CENTRE EUROPEEN DE RECHERCHE ET DE TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (ESTEC), Noordwijk, TECHNOLOGIE SPATlALES (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands. Pays-Bas. THE EUROPEAN SPACE OPERATIONS CENTRE LE CENTRE EUROPEEN D'OPERATlONS SPATlALES (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany (ESOC), Darmstadt, Allemagne. ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. ESRIN, Frascati, Italie Chairman of the Council: Mr H. Grage. President du Conseil: M H. Grage. Director General: Prof. R. LOst. Directeur general: Prot. R. Uist. no. 54 may 1988 contents/sommaire Europe in Space: The Manned Space System R. wst 8 The European Long-Term Space Plan K.-E. Reuter 14 Analyse des facteurs de coOts des experiences embarquees sur vol habite G. Naja & D. Kap/an 30 The Olympus Propagation Experiment OPEX: A Unique Example of European Cooperation G. Brussaard 34 Front cover: The first Ariane-4 being prepared Programmes under Development and Operations for launch (see page 88). Programmes en cours de realisation et d'exploitation 39 Back cover: The Agency's Hipparcos spacecraft under test at ESTEC. Redu - Twenty Years On J.B. Mac Laugh/an 55 Optical Inter-Satellite and Inter-Orbit Links - The Critical Aspects Editorial/Circulation Office ESA Publications Division 0. B. Mi//ies-Lacroix & G. Berretta 62 clo ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Publication Manager The Use of PyrotechniCS on Spacecraft Bruce Battrick N. Cable 66 Editors Bruce Battrick, Duc Guyenne Les procedures et regles de vote dans la Convention de l'Agence et leur pratique Assistant Editor Erica Rolfe G. Lafferranderie 72 Layout The Hermes Safety Advisory Committee (HESAC) Carel Haakman R. wst 78 Montage Keith Briddon Un annee d'activite du Comite HESAC Advertising P. Govaerts 79 Brigitte Kaldeich In Brief 82 The ESA Bulletin is published by the European Space Agency. Individual articles Publications 90 may be reprinted provided that the credit line reads 'Reprinted from the ESA Bulletin' plus date of issue. Signed articles reprinted must bear the author's name. Advertisements are accepted in good faith: the Agency accepts no responsibility for their content or claims. Copyright © 1988 European Space Agency Printed in The Netherlands ISSN 0376-4265 european space agency agence spatiale europeenne (9 bulletin 54 See-All Eye in Orbit. Those first photographs taken oceans, coastlines and the polar in space of our planet evidenced regions under all-weather condi­ the practicability of Earth Obser­ tions, day and night. To receive vation. and process a vast flow of data Intensive R & 0 in Remote Sen­ quickly via ERS-1 even from sing, as well as having experience remote places on Earth, Oornier of designing and constructing are working on a solution that's full Concepts. Technologies. Systems. satellites, spoke in favour of of promise: the transportable Oornier being put in charge of the remote sensing station (TRAFES). project "ESA Remote Sensing Of course, Oornier's reputation as iiDORNIER Satellite ERS-1 ". Associate firms technical pioneer stands them in Oornier System GmbH from twelve European countries, good stead for undertakings of P.O. Box 1360, Oept. RVE and from Canada, are cofunding this complexity. 0-7990 Friedrichshafen 1 their skills and know-how. Today's progress secures the Federal Republic of Germany ERS-1 scans and monitors future. Oornier. Phone 7545/81 , Telex 734209-0 2 SIEMENS TheWorld According To G.A.R.P. This photograph shows the Research Program. distribution of water vapor in G.A.R.P.'s mission is to the earth's atmosphere at collect, collate and analyze about noon on March 26, 1982. complex data about the It was taken by Meteosat, earth's weather systems. the European weather satellite And to create a mathem­ designed by Aerospatiale. atical model that will some- Meteosat can also analyze day make accurate, long ~ the earth in infrared wavelengths. term forecasting a reality. <n And downlink satellite imagery At Aerospatiale, we're proud to have been designated of changing weather patterns. prime contractor for the next 3 Meteosat Spacecraft. But Meteosat is more than But not entirely surprised. Because when it just a space-based forecasting aid. comes to forecasting innovative satellite applications, It forms a vital link in we've never needed a weatherman to know which G.A.R.P.-the Global Atmospheric way the wind blows. ,..-uspa."'4........ #rospa\\o$it. aerospat\Q\t aerospatiale \trospatia/l" ~,aspatij1J' that~s special. that~s aerospatiale. DIVISION SYSTEMES STRATEGIQUES ET SPAT IAUX 4 B.P. 96 - 78133 Les M ureaux Cedex - France 36000 km in space and always in touch For more than two decades ANT In short, ANT designs, develops Telecommunications have been and manufactures satellites and at the forefront of satellite com­ earth stations for all telecommu­ munications technology. We nications applications. already contributed as main- or subcontractor to many important For more information please satellite programs. The present contact: backlog leads to a total of up to ANT Nachrichtentechnik GmbH 40 satellites. Space Communications Systems Presently we are manufacturing P.O. Box 1120 communications payloads for 0-7150 Backnang satellite programs like: EUTEL­ Telephone: (71 91) 13-2309 The German Telecommunications Satellite SAT/ECS, TV-SAT, TOF, METEO­ DFS Kopernikus: Payload system under orbital test conditions.