Determining Requirements for Automated Transit Bus Test Facilities: Considerations for Practitioners Final Report FEBRUARY 2019 FTA Report No. 0131 Federal Transit Administration PREPARED BY John Brewer, Joshua Cregger, John Guglielmi, Jessica Baas, Wassim Najm Advanced Vehicle Technology Division John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center COVER PHOTO Courtesy of John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center DISCLAIMER This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products of manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Determining Requirements for Automated Transit Bus Test Facilities: Considerations for Practitioners Final Report FEBRUARY 2019 FTA Report No. 0131 PREPARED BY John Brewer, Joshua Cregger, John Guglielmi, Jessica Baas, Wassim Najm Advanced Vehicle Technology Division John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center U.S. Department of Transportation 55 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142 SPONSORED BY Federal Transit Administration Office of Research, Demonstration and Innovation U.S. Department of Transportation 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 AVAILABLE ONLINE https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/research-innovation FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION i MetricMetric Conversion Conversion Table Table Metric Conversion Table SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg megagrams T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 Mg (or "t") (or "metric ton") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) 5 (F-32)/9 oF Fahrenheit Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION iv FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruc- tions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED February 2019 Final Report, November 2017–October 2018 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Determining Requirements for Automated Transit Bus Test Facilities: Considerations for Practitioners 6. AUTHOR(S) John Brewer, Joshua Cregger, John Guglielmi, Jessica Baas, Wassim Najm 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center U.S. Department of Transportation FTA Report No. 0131 55 Broadway Cambridge, MA 02142 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT U.S. Department of Transportation NUMBER Federal Transit Administration Office of Research, Demonstration and Innovation FTA Report No. 0131 East Building 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES [https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/research-innovation] 12A. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12B. DISTRIBUTION CODE Available from: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161. Phone 703.605.6000, Fax 703.605.6900, email [[email protected]] 13. ABSTRACT FTA has conducted research on guidelines for test facility requirements to support automated transit vehicle testing and demonstration projects. Stakeholders, including federal agencies, universities, transit agencies and operators, test facilities, and industry representatives, were consulted and, based on those conversations, a list of requirements was compiled in the areas of test facility features, functionality and performance, safety, environmental resilience, human factors, and data collection and management. These requirements were classified as “mandatory,” “optional,” and “not applicable” with respect to 14 use cases that have been organized into five technology packages—Transit Bus Advanced Driver Assistance Systems; Automated Shuttles; Maintenance, Yard, Parking Operations; Mobility-on-Demand Service; and Automated Bus Rapid Transit. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Test facility requirements, test facility features; functionality and performance; 79 safety, environmental resilience; human factors; data collection and management; Transit Bus Advanced Driver Assistance Systems; Automated Shuttles; Maintenance, Yard, Parking Operations; Mobility-on-Demand Service; and Automated Bus Rapid Transit; Smooth Acceleration and Deceleration; Automatic Emergency Braking and Pedestrian Collision Avoidance; Curb Avoidance; Precision Docking; Narrow Lane/Shoulder Operations; Platooning; Circulator Bus Service; Feeder Bus Service; Precision Movement for Fueling, Service Bays, and Bus Wash; Automated Parking and Recall; Automated First/Last Mile; Automated Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Paratransit; On-Demand Shared Ride 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Executive Summary 3 Section 1: Introduction 3 FTA Transit Automation Project 3 Purpose of Test Facility Requirements Task 4 Technology Packages and Use Cases 5 Definition of Requirements 8 Mandatory and Optional Requirements 8 Requirement Specificity 9 Organization of Report 10 Section 2: Approach 10 Stakeholder Engagement 11 Content Analysis and Generalization of Requirements for Use Cases 13 Section 3: Transit Bus Advanced Driver Assistance Systems 13 Use Cases 14 Requirements 23 Section 4: Automated Shuttle 23 Use Cases 23 Requirements 31 Section 5: Maintenance, Yard, Parking Operations 31 Use Cases 31 Requirements 37 Section 6: Mobility-on-Demand Service 37 Use Cases 38 Requirements 46 Section 7: Automated Bus Rapid Transit 46 Use Case 46 Requirements 53 Section 8: Stakeholder Implications 55 Appendix A: Stakeholder Outreach 55 Phone Interviews 56 Site Visits 57 Appendix B: Requirements Matrices by Requirement Category 58 Test Facility Features 61 Functionality and Performance 65 Safety 66 Environmental Resilience 68 Human Factors 70 Data Collection and Management FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION vi Abstract FTA has conducted research on guidelines for test facility requirements to support automated transit vehicle testing and demonstration projects. Stakeholders, including federal agencies, universities, transit agencies and operators, test facilities, and industry representatives, were consulted and, based on those conversations, a list of requirements was compiled in the areas of test facility features, functionality and performance, safety, environmental resilience, human factors, and data collection and management. These requirements were classified as “mandatory,” “optional,” and “not applicable” with respect to 14 use cases that have been organized into five technology packages—Transit Bus Advanced Driver Assistance Systems; Automated Shuttles; Maintenance, Yard, Parking Operations; Mobility-on-Demand Service; and Automated Bus Rapid Transit. FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION vii EXECUTIVE Vehicle automation capabilities are being developed, and automation of transit SUMMARY buses could deliver numerous benefits in terms of service, cost, and efficiency. Stakeholders will need to see additional research, demonstrations, and guidance to make informed deployment decisions. Proof-of-concept prototypes will be necessary to demonstrate feasibility, maintainability, and effectiveness to the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), transit agencies, manufacturers, and other decisionmakers. Such testing and demonstration projects will require careful testing and reporting of data. This testing will take place at closed test facilities, local restricted areas (e.g., maintenance yards, parking lots, or closed campuses), and/or on public roads—in many cases, technology will be tested in a range of conditions progressing from less complex environments to more complex environments. Regardless of what facility hosts these tests, there will be requirements to assure that the program can produce meaningful results that can convince stakeholders of feasibility and effectiveness. To ensure that such projects produce meaningful results, FTA has conducted research on guidelines for test facility requirements. Stakeholders, including federal agencies, universities, transit agencies and operators, test facilities, and industry representatives were consulted and, based on those conversations, a list of requirements was compiled. (See Appendix A for list of stakeholders contacted.)