Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1996 Floral Development and Systematics of the Caesalpinieae (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). Katherine Ellen Kantz Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kantz, Katherine Ellen, "Floral Development and Systematics of the Caesalpinieae (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)." (1996). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6257. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6257 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AND SYSTEMATTCS OF THE CAESALPINIEAE (LEGUMINOSAE: CAESALPENIOIDEAE) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Plant Biology by Katherine Kantz B.S., University of California, Berkeley, 1990 August 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9706340 UMI Microform 9706340 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by an NSF grant to S.C. Tucker (Grant # DEB92- 17671). For their guidance on this project, I would like the thank my major advisor, Dr. Shirley Tucker, and the other members of my committee: Dr. Russell Chapman, Dr. Marsh Sundberg, Dr. Leonard Thien, and Dr. Lowell Urbatsch. I would especially like to thank Gwylim Lewis, his help on this project was invaluable. I would also like to thank Andrew Douglas for insightful discussions about this project and for training me in the techniques of dissection, material preparation, and photography. Tom Kantz, Kathy Taylor, and Keith Fessel have given me the encouragement and support that have kept me going through the years. In addition, discussions with them have kept me excited about my research. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1 LITERATURE CITED IN CHAPTER I ...................... 7 2 FLORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAESALPINIEAE WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE CAESALPINIA AND PELTOPHORUM GROUPS............................................... 9 INTRODUCTION........................................................... 10 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................... 17 RESULTS........................................................................ 17 DISCUSSION....................................................................167 LITERATURE CITED IN CHAPTER 2 ....................... 183 3 FLORAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED OUTGROUP TAXA FROM THE FAMILIES CHRYSOBALANACEAE AND SAPINDACEAE................................................................188 INTRODUCTION......................................................... 189 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................... 191 RESULTS....................................................................... 192 DISCUSSION................................................................. 217 LITERATURE CITED IN CHAPTER 3 ..................... 222 4 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE LEGUMINOSAE 225 INTRODUCTION......................................................... 226 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................. 229 RESULTS....................................................................... 236 DISCUSSION................................................................. 240 LITERATURE CITED IN CHAPTER 4 ..................... 255 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................... 260 APPENDIX: DATA MATRIX........................................................................... 263 VITA.................................................................................................................. 271 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The floral development of representatives from some of the informal taxonomic groups of the Caesalpinieae was examined. The floral developmental data was then used in a phylogenetic analysis in combination with more traditional morphological characters, including floral, vegetative and fruit characters. The analysis of 53 taxa and 84 characters produced 1215 equally parsimonious trees of length 386 (Cl = .317, RI = .585, RCI = .186). Based on this analysis Caesalpinia sensu lato is not monophyletic, since at least two of the other genera in the Caesalpinia group are nested within Caesalpinia sensu lato. Of the infrageneric groups within Caesalpinia sensu lato, the infrageneric groups Libidibia and Brasilettia, and Caesalpinia subgenus M ezoneuron are monophyletic, but the infrageneric groups Caesalpinia sensu stricto, Poincianella, and Russellodendron are not monophyletic. Although many new characters were used in the phylogenetic analysis of the Caesalpinieae, no characters were found which specifically unite the members of the Caesalpinieae. Based on this analysis, the Caesalpinieae is comprised of several disparate lineages and is not a natural group. Two of the informal taxonomic groups of the Caesalpinieae, the Caesalpinia and Peltophorum groups, are not monophyletic based on this analysis. One member of the Peltophorum group, Campsiandra comosa, is more closely related to the Gleditsia and Poeppigia groups than to the rest of the Peltophorum group. The other members of the Peltophorum group included in this analysis are nested within the Caesalpinia group. The Caesalpinia/Peltophorum clade (excluding Campsiandra comosa) is derived within the Leguminosae and is the sister group to the Cassiinae ( Cassia, Senna, and iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chamaecrista). Together these two clades are sister to a Detarieae/Papilionoideae clade. The Gleditsia group, Poeppigia group and Campsiandra comosa from the Peltophorum group are in a clade with Ceratonia siliqua (Cassieae). Information on floral development was successfully used, along with more traditional morphological characters, in a phylogenetic analysis of the Leguminosae. V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER 1 nsrraoDUCTiON 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Leguminosae, with approximately 700 genera and 17,000 species, is one of the largest angiosperm families and is tremendously diverse morphologically, chemically, and ecologically. The family is typically split into three subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. Two of these, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae, are clearly monophyletic based on evidence from many sources, including morphological, molecular and biochemical. However, Caesalpinioideae is not. The subfamily Caesalpinioideae is divided into four tribes: Caesalpinieae,