Index Page numbers in italic refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. 21 Army Group aquifers J.F.Kirkaldy 167 transboundary conflict over 13–14, Normandy, RE boring sections 128–130 355–356, 360 521 Specialist Team Royal Engineers work of Geological Survey 140, 141 (Water Development) (521STRE(WD)) Artois, Chalk aquifer 52, 75 241–242 Ashford filter 12, 53 Afghanistan 2005–9 245–246, 248, 250 Atlantic Wall defences 191, 210, 211, 212 Iraq 2003–9 244–245 Atterberg limits, soil mechanics 304 A33 Excelsior tank 171 Australia and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), A.41 tank 166 Gallipoli 56 Abraham’s Well, Beersheva 1, 2 Australian Electrical and Mechanical Mining and Abyssinian War, Norton tube well 12, 13 Boring Company 52, 53 Abyssinian wells see Norton tube wells Austro-Hungarian Army, use of dowsers Adaptive Risk Assessment Modeling System 94–99 (ARAMS) 335–339 automated target recognition (ATR) algorithms aerial cone penetrometer 314 289, 291 Afghanistan computational testbed 291–294 2003–9, British Army, hydrogeology 245–251 Bagnold, Ralph Alger (1896–1990), Long Range Bundeswehr, water supply advisory service Desert Group 162 261–263 Bailey, Sir Edward Battersby (1881–1965) Forward Operating Bases, water supply consultancy 154 249–251 Geological Survey 149 US water supply 235–237 RE boring sections, Malta 122–123 Afrika Korps, water supply 195–198, 199 Balkans 1990s, US military water Aide Me´moire to the Military Sciences 10 supply 234 aircraft, dust problem 317, 318 Balkans Campaign,WWI 61 airfields geology 61–63 construction 130 well boring 55, 63–64, 69, 70 contamination 9 barracks, water supply 3 soil trafficability 314–316 Basrah, water supply 243, 244 water supply 3, 5 Beeby Thompson, Arthur (1871–1968) Al Amara, water supply 243, 244 Balkans water supply 62–64, 69 Albania, Bundeswehr water supply 259 Gallipoli water supply 59, 69 Alderney Beichl, Karl (1874–1937), dowser 95–99 fortification Belgium British 206, 207 Flanders, geology 73–77 German 210–212 Western Front, water supply 50–56, 58–59 geology 204–205 Beschoren, Bernhard (1898–1982), Channel hydrogeology investigation, British postwar Islands fortification 212 216–218 Bible, references to wells and groundwater 1–2 WWII, German Army, water supply maps biologically active zone enhancement (BAZE) 190, 216 333–334 Algeria, WWII, RE boring sections bioremediation 333–334 123–124 Blagden, W.M., Thoughts on the bogging of tracked AMC-71 model 310 vehicles, (1944) 165–166 American Expeditionary Force (AEF), WWI, Blindwells Opencast Coal Mine, East Lothian hydrogeology 223–226 29–32 AMM-75 model 310 blockhouses, Tudor 35–36 Anacostia River watershed modelling 272 boreholes andesite, Cheviot Hills complex 23,24 Afghanistan 248, 250 Anzac Cove 57 drilling 10 aqueducts see qanats Iraq 244 364 INDEX boreholes (Continued) Camp Edinburgh 246 WWI, Western Front 56 hydrogeology 249, 250 WWII Camp Faizabad, water supply 262, 263 BEF 110, 112 Camp Kunduz, water supply 261–262, 263 East Africa 130 Camp Marmal, water supply 262 Egypt 116, 118–120 Cape Helles 57 Greece 127–128 Carboniferous, battlefield of Prestonpans 29, 30 Home Forces 113–115 CASC2D runoff model, USACE 273, 279, 281 Iraq and Iran 120–121 Castle Cornet, Guernsey 205 Italy and Sicily 125–127 castles, water supply 3 Malta 123 Cementstones Group 24, 25 Normandy 128–130 cemeteries, and water supply 90, 93 North Africa 4, 123–124 Centaur tanks 174 Bosnia, US military water supply 234 Central Advisory Water Committee 155, 157 boundaries, national, aquifers 13–14, 355–356, 360 cess-pits, and water supply 90, 93 Branxton Hill, Battle of Flodden Field 22, 23, Chalk aquifer 24–25 Western Front 51, 52, 56, 60 British Army see also Cretaceous Chalk Afghanistan 2003–9, hydrogeology 245–251 Channel Islands 203 geological training 49–50 fortification hydrogeology provision and training 9–11, 12 British 205–209 Iraq 2003–9, hydrogeology 242–245 German 209–212, 219 British Association, on need for water survey of geology 204–205 Great Britain 145–146 hydrogeology British Expeditionary Force (BEF) British 216–218 WWI 50, 53 German 212–216, 219, 220 WWII water supply 203, 207, 210 France 107, 109–110, 112 maps, German Army 190–192 Greece 127–128 Chatham dockyard 35–36 British military sites chemicals, groundwater contamination 8 hydrogeology 343–349 Cheviot Hills andesite complex 24 water supply and waste-water 343–353 China, early wells 1 Brock, Reginald Walter (1874–1935), Palestine Churchill tanks 164, 166 Campaign 66–67 trials 168–169, 171, 173–174 Bromehead, Cyril Edward Nowill (1885–1952), cleanup, US military installations 321–340 Geological Survey 152, 155 grenade ranges 9, 332 Brooks, Alfred H. (1871–1924), AEF geology in situ 330–331 section 5, 224, 224 small arms firing ranges 9, 331–332 Brunt, P., RE boring sections 111, 114 technologies 330–334 Buchan, Stevenson (1907–1996), Geological coalfields, work of Geological Survey 156 Survey Cold War (1947–1989) Wartime Pamphlets 150, 152 Bundeswehr water supply duties 254, 264 Water Department 149, 155–156 US military operations, hydrogeology 230–232 Buie, Bennet Frank (1910–1992), US Army Colorado State University, collaboration with 229–230 USACE 273 Bundeswehr Columbia portable drilling rig 67 Geoinformation Office 254 Comet tanks 169, 171 hydrogeology 7, 253–265 Committee on Mud Crossing Performance of AFVs water supply advisory service see ‘Mud Committee’ Afghanistan 261–263 computational testbed (CTB) 291–294 Kosovo 257–261 computing environment 294–295 Somalia 255–257 creating scene 297–298 Burma, WWII, water supplies 130–131 ground model 293–294 operational relevance 295–296 California bearing ratio test (CBR) 313–314 ray caster model 292–293 Camp Bastion 246 sensor model 294 water supply 248–249, 250–251 vegetation model 294 Camp Bondsteel, water supply 234 cone index (CI) 305–307, 308, 315 INDEX 365 cone penetration testing 304, 306 Bundeswehr 260, 262, 263 cone penetrometer 304–305, 324–325 Wirth B3A 255, 256, 257 see also aerial cone penetrometer; dynamic cone German Army, WWII 196, 197, 198 penetrometer Sinai 66, 67 contact springs 21 Western Front 52–53 Battle of Prestonpans 30 percussion 10, 53, 110, 197, 255 contaminant transport modelling 278–280, 284 Project Aquatrine 351, 352 Contaminant Transport Transformation and Fate Star 52–53, 63 programme 284 drum shaft wells, German Army 92, 94 contamination drumlins, Battle of Flodden Field 24, 25 cleanup, US military installations 321–340 dugouts, Western Front, Flanders 8, 77 groundwater dunes, Flanders 76–77 chemicals 9 dust 316–317 munitions 3, 9 control solutions 317–319 sewage 153 effect on aircraft 317, 318 treatment technology 323–324 effect on military campaigns 302, 317 Coon Creek, GSSHA modelling 276, 277 health problems 317, 318 Cope, Sir John (1690–1760), Battle of Prestonpans dynamic cone penetrometer 314–315 27–28 Cretaceous Chalk, underground water 145, 146, East Africa,WWI, RE boring sections 68 147, 153 East Africa Command, WWII, well boring 130 Cromwell tanks 163, 169, 171, 173–174 Eastern Aquifer Basin 356–357 Crusader tanks, trials 168–169, 171 Eastern Front, shaft wells, German Army 92, 94 curve number, Watershed Modeling System Eastwood, Thomas (1888–1970), Geological 272–273 Survey 149 Eau Galle River watershed, GSSHA modelling 281, Dabell, John Pierce, RE boring sections 282, 283 115–116, 135 Eckel, E.C., AEF geology section 224–225 De Guingand, F.W. (1900–1979) 162–163 Edgeworth David, T.W. (1858–1934), military De la Beche, Henry Thomas (1796–1855), mining, WWI 8, 77, 81 Geological Survey 140 Edmunds, Francis Hereward (1893–1960), depression springs 21 geological Survey 146–148, 154, 156 Sybil Grey’s Well 24 Egypt deserts, water supply problems 4 early wells 1 detonation, open 332–333 geology 64, 65 Deutsches Afrika Korps see Afrika Korps Napoleonic Wars 64 Dewey, Henry (1876–1965), Geological Survey WWI, water supply 64–68, 69–70 144, 145 WWII, RE boring sections 115–120 dilatancy, and soil shear strength 302, 303 Eielson Air Force Base, ARAMS 338–339 Dinham, Charles Hawker (1883–1955), Geological El Arish, water supply, work of Hume 67–68 Survey 152 Elizabeth Castle, Jersey 205, 208, 219 dockyards, water supply 3 Elliott, John Henry (1898–1949) dowsing 11, 208 RE boring sections 111, 113 Bundeswehr 263–264 RE Water Boring Companies 119 WWII 132–133, 133 English Army, Flodden Field 21–23, 25 German Army 94–99, 100, 195 environment, restoration programmes drainage modelling 283 US military installations 321–340 Drever, Harald Irving (1912–1975), RE Water Environmental Security Technology Certification Boring Companies 119 Program (ESTCP) 322 drilling see well drilling explosive threat detection 287–298 drilling rigs computational testbed 291–294 Columbia 67 interpretation of data 288–289 Edeco HE 175 242, 351, 352 hydrogeological variability 289–291 Hunter 53 sensing technologies 288 Keystone 52–53 see also munitions, unexploded mobile 12 521 STRE 242 Far East Campaign, WWII, water supplies 130–132 Balkan Campaign 63 Farrington, J.L., ‘Mud Committee’ 167 366 INDEX Fauvelle boring method 10 Genesis, references to wells and groundwater 1 FEMWATER model 278–279 Gent Formation 76 filters, water purification 92, 94, 194 Geographical Resources Analysis Support System firing ranges, contamination and restoration 9, (GRASS), USACE 273–274 331–332 Geologen-Gruppe technical reports 89–90 Flanders, Belgium Geologenstelle 88 clay plain 50, 74–76 Geological Survey of Great Britain offensive tunnelling 78–81 1919–1939 144–149, 156–157 coastal dune belt 76–77 groundwater studies pre-1950 139–157