INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY DIVISION -I- I Quintitie,Ilnits andSymbolsin :1'hysicalChemistry- ji Prepared for publication by IAN MILLS TOMISLAVCVITA KLAUS HOMANN NIKOLA KALLAY KOZO KUCHITSU SECOND EDITION BLACKWELL SCIENCE Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY DIVISION COMMISSION ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL SYMBOLS, TERMINOLOGY AND UNITS IUPAC INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry Prepared for publication by IAN MILLS TOMISLAV CVITA Reading Zagreb KLAUS HOMANN NIKOLA KALLAY Darmstadt Zagreb KOZO KUCHITSU Tokyo SECOND EDITION b Blackwell Science © 1993 International Union of Pure and DISTRIBUTORS Applied Chemistry and published for them by Marston Book Services Ltd Blackwell Science Ltd P0 Box 269 Editorial Offices: Abingdon Osney Mead, Oxford 0X2 OEL Oxon 0X14 4YN 25 John Street, London WC1N 2BL Tel: 01235 465500 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ (Orders: Fax:01235 465555) 350 Main Street, MaIden MA 02148 5018, USA USA and Canada 54 University Street, Canton CRCPress, Inc. Victoria 3053, Australia 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW 10, rue Casimir Delavigne Boca Raton 75006 Paris, France Florida 33431 Other Editorial Offices: Australia Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH Blackwell Science Pty Ltd KurfUrstendamm 57 54 University Street 10707 Berlin, Germany Carlton, Victoria 3053 Tel: 3 9347 0300 Blackwell Science KK (Orders: Fax:3 9347 5001) MG Kodenmacho Building 7—10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi A catalogue record for this title Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan isavailable from the British Library The right of the Author to be ISBN 0-632-03583-8 identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance Library of Congress with the Copyright, Designs and Cataloging in Publication Data Patents Act 1988. Quantities, units and symbols in physical chem- All rights reserved. No part of istry! this publication may be reproduced, prepared for publication by stored in a retrieval system, or Ian Mills.. [ct al.}.—2nd ed. transmitted, in any form or by any p. cm. means, electronic, mechanical, At head of title: International Union photocopying, recording or otherwise, of Pure and Applied Chemistry except as permitted by the UK 'International Union of Pure Copyright, Designs and Patents Act and Applied Chemistry, Physical 1988, without the prior permission Chemistry Division, of the copyright owner. Commission on Physicochemical Symbols, Terminology, and Units'—P. facing t.p. First published 1988 Includes bibliographical references Reprinted 1988 and index. Reprinted as paperback 1989 ISBN 0-632-03583-8 Russian translation 1988 1. Chemistry, Physical and Hungarian translation 1990 theoretical—Notation. Indian reprint edition 1990 2. Chemistry, Japanese translation 1991 Physical and theoretical—Terminology. Second edition 1993 I. Mills, Ian (Ian M.) Reprinted 1995, 1996, 1998 II. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Set by Macmillan India Ltd III. International Union of Pure and Applied Printed and bound in Great Britain Chemistry. at the University Press, Cambridge Commission on Physicochemical Symbols, Terminology, and Units. The Blackwell Science logo is a QD451.5.Q36 1993 trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, 541.3'014—dc2O registered at the United Kingdom Trade Marks Registry Contents Preface vii Historical introduction viii 1 Physical quantities and units 1 1.1 Physical quantities and quantity calculus 3 1.2 Base physical quantities and derived physical quantities 4 1.3 Symbols for physical quantities and units 5 1.4 Use of the words 'extensive', 'intensive', 'specific' and 'molar' 7 1.5 Products and quotients of physical quantities and units 8 2 Tables of physical quantities 9 2.1 Space and time 11 2.2Classicalmechanics 12 2.3 Electricity and magnetism 14 2.4 Quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry 16 2.5 Atoms and molecules 20 2.6 Spectroscopy 23 2.7 Electromagnetic radiation 30 2.8 Solid state 36 2.9 Statistical thermodynamics 39 2.10 General chemistry 41 2.11 Chemical thermodynamics 48 2.12 Chemical kinetics 55 2.13 Electrochemistry 58 2.14 Colloid and surface chemistry 63 2.15 Transport properties 65 3 Definitions and symbols for units 67 3.1 The international system of units (SI) 69 3.2 Definitions of the SI base units 70 3.3 Names and symbols for the SI base units 71 3.4 SI derived units with special names and symbols 72 3.5 SI derived units for other quantities 73 3.6 SI prefixes 74 V 3.7 Units in use together with the SI 75 3.8 Atomic units 76 3.9 Dimensionless quantities 77 4 Recommended mathematical symbols 81 4.1 Printing of numbers and mathematical symbols 83 4.2 Symbols, operators and functions 84 5 Fundamental physical constants 87 6 Properties of particles, elements and nuclides 91 6.1 Properties of some particles 93 6.2 Standard atomic weights of the elements 1991 94 6.3 Properties of nuclides 98 7 Conversion of units 105 7.1 The use of quantity calculus 107 7.2 Conversion tables for units 110 (Pressure conversion factors 166; Energy conversion factors inside back cover) 7.3 The esu, emu, Gaussian and atomic unit systems 117 7.4 Transformation of equations of electromagnetic theory between the SI, the four-quantity irrational form, and the Gaussian form 122 8 Abbreviations and acronyms 125 9 References 133 9.1 Primary sources 135 9.2 IUPAC references 137 9.3 Additional references 139 Greek alphabet 141 Index of symbols 143 Subject index 151 Notes 161 Pressure conversion factors 166 Energy conversion factors inside back cover vi Preface The objective of this manual is to improve the international exchange of scientific information. The recommendations made to achieve this end come under three general headings. The first is the use of quantity calculus for handling physical quantities, and the general rules for the symbolism of quantities and units, described in chapter 1. The second is the use of internationally agreed symbols for the most frequently used quantities, described in chapter 2. The third is the use of SI units wherever possible for the expression of the values of physical quantities; the SI units are described in chapter 3. Later chapters are concerned with recommended mathematical notation (chapter 4), the present best estimates of physical constants (chapters 5 and 6), conversion factors between SI and non-SI units with examples of their use (chapter 7) and abbreviations and acronyms (chapter 8). References (on p. 133) are indicated in the text by numbers (and letters) in square brackets. We would welcome comments, criticism, and suggestions for further additions to this book. Offers to assist in the translation and dissemination in other languages should be made in the first instance either to IUPAC or to the Chairman of the Commission. We wish to thank the following colleagues, who have contributed significantly to this edition through correspondence and discussion: R.A. Alberty (Cambridge, Mass.); M. Brezinéak (Zagreb); P.R. Bunker (Ottawa); G.W. Castellan (College Park, Md.); E.R. Cohen (Thousand Oaks, Calif.); A. Covington (Newcastle upon Tyne); H.B.F. Dixon (Cambridge); D.H. Everett (Bristol); M.B. Ewing (London); R.D. Freeman (Stiliwater, Okla.); D. Garvin (Washington, DC); G. Gritzner (Linz); K.J. Laidler (Ottawa); J. Lee (Manchester); I. Levine (New York, NY); D.R. Lide (Washington, DC); J.W. Lorimer (London, Ont.); R.L. Martin (Melbourne); M.L. McGlashan (London); J. Michl (Austin, Tex.); K. Niki (Yokohama); M. Palmer (Edinburgh); R. Parsons (Southampton); A.D. Pethybridge (Reading); P. Pyykkö (Helsinki); M. Quack (ZUrich); J.C. Rigg (Wageningen); F. Rouquérol (Marseille); G. Schneider (Bochum); N. Sheppard (Norwich); K.S.W. Sing (London); G. Somsen (Amsterdam); H. Suga (Osaka); A. Thor (Stockholm); D.H. Whiffen (Stogursey). Commission on Physicochemical Symbols, Ian Mills Terminology and Units Tomislav Cvita Klaus Homann Nikola Kallay Kozo Kuchitsu vii Historical introduction The Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units [1.a], to which this is a direct successor, was first prepared for publication on behalf of the Physical Chemistry Division of IUPAC by M.L. McGlashan in 1969, when he was chairman of the Commission on Physicochemical Symbols, Terminology and Units (1.1). He made a substantial contribution to- wards the objective which he described in the preface to that first edition as being 'to secure clarity and precision, and wider agreement in the use of symbols, by chemists in different countries, among physicists, chemists and engineers, and by editors of scientific journals'. The second edition of the manual prepared for publication by M.A. Paul in 1973 [1.b], and the third edition prepared by D.H. Whiffen in 1979 [1.c], were revisions to take account of various developments in the Système International d'Unités (SI), and other developments in terminology. The first edition of Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry published in 1988 [2.a] was a substantially revised and extended version of the earlier editions, with a slightly simplified title. The decision to embark on.this project was taken at the IUPAC General Assembly at Leuven in 1981, when D.R. Lide was chairman of the Commission. The working party was established at the 1983 meeting in Lingby, when K. Kuchitsu was chairman, and the project has received strong support throughout from all present and past members of Commission 1.1 and other Physical Chemistry Commissions, particularly D.R. Lide, D.H. Whiffen and N. Sheppard. The extensions included some of the material previously published in appendices [1.d—k]; all the newer resolutions and recommendations on units by the Conference Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM); and the recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) of 1978 and of Technical Committee 12 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/TC 12).