http://globalmedia.journals.ac.za Global Media Journal African Edition 2012 Vol 6 (1) Characteristics of the Botswana Press Richard Rooney There are serious deficiencies in our knowledge of the press in Botswana in terms of its political economy, the professional practices of its journalists, and the editorial content of newspapers. This paper analyses the newspapers in Botswana. It begins with a general overview of Botswana and maps the newspaper landscape in the country. It then sets out some of the key characteristics of the press in Botswana by answering three research questions. (i) What are the characteristics of the editorial content in Botswana newspapers? (ii) How does the state-controlled Daily News impact on the newspaper market generally? (iii) What are the capacities of journalists in Botswana and where might there be areas for improvement? The paper utilizes a content analysis of the editorials of the country’s newspapers identifying the main news agendas and also the sources of information that journalists rely on for their reports. It concludes that the Daily News distorts the newspaper market and undermines the private press; that there is a diverse private press, but that all newspapers rely on powerful voices for their editorial content to the exclusion of ordinary people; and that while there are many attributes of the press to admire, there is a need for the capabilities of journalists to be improved. Keywords: Botswana, Daily News, private and public press, journalistic skills I. Introduction There are serious deficiencies in our knowledge of the press in Botswana, in terms of its political economy, the professional practices of its journalists and the editorial content of newspapers. It is even difficult to get reliable information about newspaper circulations because so few are independently audited. This paper goes a small way to rectifying the situation by offering an overview of the newspaper sector in Botswana. The press market in Botswana is distorted by the domination of the state-controlled Daily News, even though there are 14 privately-owned newspapers 1 http://globalmedia.journals.ac.za (mostly published weekly) circulating in the country. Government over the past 10 years has allowed human and material resources at the Daily News to be subsidised, so that it does not have normal overheads. Advertising rates are also kept artificially low in an attempt to undermine competitors’ ability to accrue revenue and this undermines profitability. These actions have weakened the stability of the newspaper sector in Botswana and given the government an influence that extends far beyond the rigid control of its own media. The paper begins with a general overview of Botswana and maps the newspaper landscape in the country. It then sets out some of the key characteristics of the press in Botswana by answering three research questions. (i) What are the characteristics of the editorial content in Botswana newspapers? (ii) How does the state-controlled Daily News impact on the newspaper market generally? (iii) What are the capacities of journalists in Botswana and where might there be areas for improvement? The paper draws on a content analysis of newspapers in Botswana conducted in 2011, identifying the main news agendas for private newspapers in Botswana and also the main sources of information that journalists use. II. Country Profile Botswana is a landlocked country in southern Africa roughly the size of Texas or France with a population estimated at 2,065,398 with a stable democratic, parliamentary government and a stable economy (Department of State, 2011a). Since independence from Britain in 1966, Botswana has had uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment creating one of the most dynamic economies in Africa (CIA, 2011). This relative wealth has allowed for conditions to exist that can support a private media industry through advertising. Free and fair elections are held regularly and the constitution provides for fundamental rights and freedoms. The political scene is stable and the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) has been in power since the first elections were held on the eve of independence from Britain (World Bank, 2011). This political stability allows a free media to exist relatively unhindered and as Fombad (2011, p.16) points out, Botswana showed a commitment to freedom of the 2 http://globalmedia.journals.ac.za mass media by not clamping down on them, like most African countries did, after its independence. The literacy level (defined as those aged over 15 who can read and write) is high in Botswana at 81.2 percent of the total population (CIA, 2011) affording a large potential market for newspapers in the country. III. Press Landscape The media landscape is dominated by government–controlled media in both print and broadcasting, but there are significant numbers of private media, especially in the print sector, with a reasonable degree of diversity and independence (Fombad, 2011, p.18). In the broadcasting sector, there are two state-owned national radio stations, three national privately owned and eight foreign stations in Botswana, along with one state-owned and three privately owned television stations (IREX, 2010). In Botswana, some newspaper titles although nominally published weekly do not always appear and some quietly close down completely. Because of this it can be difficult for the researcher to ascertain the continuing existence of titles, and the only way to be sure which titles are still in circulation is to find them on the newsstands. With that in mind, we can conclude that at the time of writing there is only one daily newspaper, the state-owned Daily News published Monday to Friday. All newspapers, except the Daily News, are privately-owned. Mmegi, is published Tuesday to Friday and its companion, The Monitor, is published on Monday. The rest of the newspapers publish weekly. They are The Botswana Gazette, The Botswana Guardian, The Echo, The Global Post, The Midweek Sun, The Mirror, The Monitor, Ngami Times, Sunday Standard, Sunday Tribune, The Telegraph, The Voice and The Weekend Post. There is no regulation of media ownership and in the private media there is some concentration: the Dikgang Publishing Company has the sole ownership of the Botswana Guardian, Midweek Sun, Mmegi and The Monitor. However, the Media Practitioners Act of 2008, that has yet to be implemented, does allow for a Media Council to determine if there are anti-competitive acts within the media sector (MISA, 2009, p. 32). 3 http://globalmedia.journals.ac.za It is difficult to get reliable information about newspaper circulations in Botswana because so few are independently audited, but Mogalakwe and Sebudubudu (2006) estimated there were 573,000 copies of newspapers circulating in Botswana every week. Six newspapers in Botswana do have their circulations independently verified by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) in South Africa, as set out in table 1. Table 1 Circulations of the Six Newspapers Independently Audited by the Audit Bureau of Circulation, South Africa July - September 2011 and July - September 2010 Title Circulation July – Circulation July – Decline Year Percentage September 2011 September 2010 on Year Decline Botswana 21,621 25,942 4,321 16.7 Gazette Botswana 20,796 21,661 865 4.0 Guardian Midweek Sun 16,957 17,865 908 5.0 Mmegi 11,242 13,660 2,418 17.8 Monitor 15,015 17,784 2,769 15.6 Voice 26,794 27,336 542 2.0 Source: Audit Bureau of Circulation South Africa 2011 Information about circulations of the other newspapers in Botswana is not easy to obtain. However, the following estimates of print runs are in the public domain: The Daily News, 65,000 copies (Fombad, 2011, p. 20); Sunday Tribune, 8,000 (MISA, 2009, p. 26); Echo, 15,000; Sunday Standard, 22,000; Telegraph, 9,000 (Motsela, 2010, p. 8); Ngami Times, 10,000 (Fombad, 2011). The Weekend Post states on its own website that it prints 10,000 copies per edition, but hopes to double this (Weekend Post, n.d.). 4 http://globalmedia.journals.ac.za Some newspapers have websites which publish a selection of the editorial material from the main print edition. They are The Botswana Gazette, The Botswana Guardian, The Echo, The Sunday Standard, The Weekend Post, and The Ngami Times. Mmgei and The Monitor have a combined website. In all cases, no information is available about the number of site visits, but one might assume the number to be relatively small since the estimated number of Internet users in Botswana is only 120,000 (CIA, 2011), and the Internet is not available across the whole country, especially in remote rural areas where there is no electricity (Fombad, 2011, p.19). The ABC figures in Table 1 show a decline in circulation year on year for all titles, but this decline is not uniform in size. Insufficient evidence is available to account for these declines, but they are not unusual in the context of newspaper circulation in neighbouring South Africa and the wider region generally, where circulations are falling in all sectors of the newspaper market, even though not all titles are necessarily affected in the same way. Private newspapers are centred on Botswana’s capital, Gaborone, and distribution to other parts of the country is problematic. Access to print media in rural areas is a challenge in a country with a population of 2 million people living in 600,370 sq. km, a country the size of France. As a consequence, Botswana media share the same basic characteristics with those of many other African states, including skewed, urban-based centralisation of infrastructure, resources and audiences. Community media in Botswana is a particularly weak area (Zaffico 1993; Kabeta & Ndlovu 2009). Costs of distribution across the entire country are high and private newspaper companies either distribute the papers themselves or use a variety of means such as subscriptions, courier and public transport, which are not very efficient (Fombad 2011; MISA 2009, p.27).