PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se4�e� A - No. 54 PAPERS IN PIDGIN AND CREOLE LINGUISTICS No. 1 by L. Todd and P. MUhlhausler S.A. Wurm J.T. Pl att P. MUhlhausler D.S. Walsh Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Todd, L., Mühlhäusler, P., Wurm, S.A., Platt, J., Mühlhäusler, P. and Walsh, D. editors. Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics No. 1. A-54, vi + 203 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-A54.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published through the Lingui�zie Ci4eie 06 Canbe44a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm . ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii J. Lynch, University of Papua D. Bradley, Australian National New Guinea University K.A. McElhanon, University of A. Capell, University of Sydney Texas S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of P. MUhlh�usler, Technische Linguistics UniversitUt Berlin W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of G.N. O'Grady, University of Linguistics Victoria, B.C. G. Grace, University of Hawaii A.K. Pawley, University of Hawaii M.A.K. Halliday, University of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Sydney Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Healey, Summer Institute of E.C. Polom�, University of Texas Linguistics G. Sankoff, Universit� de Montr�al L. Hercus, Australian National E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden University J.W.M. Verhaar, University of N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra , A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright (§) The Authors. First published 1978. Reprinted 1980. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 178 3 TABLE Of CONTENTS Page IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN CAMEROON PIDGIN ENGLISH AND TOK PISIN by Loreto Todd and Peter Mlihlhausler 1 1. Foreword on Idiomatic Expressions 1 2. Idioms in Pidgin Languages 2 3. Brief Historical Background to Cameroon Pidgin 4 4. CP Idioms Involving the Use of Body Parts 8 5. Brief Conclusion to the Section on CP 16 6. Brief Historical Background to Tok Pisin (TP) 16 7. Notes on the Growth of Idiomatic Structure in TP 17 8. Tok Pisin Idioms Involving the Use of Body Parts 20 9. Body Term Expressions in Urban Pidgin 27 9.1. Influence from English 28 9.2. Creation of New Body Term Expressions 29 10 . Conclusions 30 No�e 31 Bibtiog4aphy 32 LANGUAGE PLANNING AND NEW GUINEA PIDGIN by S.A. Wurm 37 1. Introductory Remarks 37 2. History and Role of Pidgin 37 3. Language Planning 40 4. Pidgin and External Language Planning 40 5. Pidgin and Internal Language Planning 44 5.1. Pidgin and Internal Language Planning in the Past and Recently 44 5.2. Internal Language Planning needed for Pidgin 45 5.2.1. Orthography 46 Lexicon 5.2.2. 46 111 I iv Page 5.2.3. Pronunciation and Spelling of English Loan Words 46 5.2.4. Grammatical Structure 47 6. Implementation of Language Planning Decisions 47 7. Concluding Remarks 48 Note 48 B.i.bUo gJr.O.ph!/ 49 THE CONC�PT OF A 'CREOLOID' - EXEMPLIFICATION: BAS ILECTAL SINGAPORE ENGLISH by John T. Platt 53 Note. 62 B.i.bl.i.og4aph!/ 63 SAMOAN PLANTATION PIDGIN ENGLISH AND THE ORIGIN OF NEW GUINEA PIDGIN by Peter Miih1haus1er 67 1. Introduction 67 2. Theories about the Origin of New Guinea Pidgin 68 3. Historical Evidence of Samoan Plantation Pidgin 70 4. Labour Trade between Samoa and the New Guinea Islands 76 5. The Social and Geographical Setting of the Labour Trade and the Role of Pidgin 80 5.1. The Period Before 1879 80 5.2. Developments between 1879 to 1890 81 5.2.1. The Godeffroy Trading Station on Mioko Island 82 5.2.2. Queen Emma and the Farrell Trading Company 82 5. 2.3. Other Trading and Recruiting Stations in the Duke of York Group 83 5.3. The Years 1890 - 1914 85 5.4. The Years After the First World War 86 6. Linguistic Evidence for a Connection between New Guinea Pidgin and Samoan Plantation Pidgin 87 6. 1. Some Notes on the Lexicon of Samoan Plantation Pidgin 87 6. 1.1. The Lexical Inventory 88 6. 1.1 .1. Items of Samoan Origin 88 6.2. Lexical System: The Formation of New Lexical Items from Internal Resources 92 6.2. 1. Circumlocution 93 6. 2 .2. Compounding and Mu1tifunctiona1ity 94 6.�. 3. Reduplication and Repetition 95 6. 3. A Syntactic Sketch of Samoan Plantation Pidgin 95 6. 3.1. Personal Pronouns 96 6. 3.2. Interrogative Pronouns 96 6. 3.3. Nouns and Noun Phrases 97 v Page 6.3.4. Samoan Plantation Pidgin Adjectives 98 6.3.4. 1. The Use of -fela 98 6.3.4.�. Intensification of Adjectives 100 6.3.5. Numerals and Quantifiers 100 6.3.6. Verbs and Verb Phrases 101 6.3.7. Intransitive, Transitive and Causative Verbs 104 6.3.8. Sentence Formation 107 7. Conclusions 108 No.te� 111 B.i.b.f.i.ogJr. aphy 114 THE FUNCTIONAL POSSIBILITIES OF LEXICAL BASES IN NEW GUINEA PIDGIN by Peter .Muhlhausler 121 1. Introduction 121 1.1. The Subject Matter of this Paper 121 1.2. Descriptive Problems 121 1.3. Outline of Earlier Descriptions of MF in NGP 122 2. The Data and the Descriptive Framework 127 2.1. The Data 127 2.2. Remarks on the Terminology and the Descriptive Framework 128 3. Descriptive Statement 133 3.1. Syntactic Derivation 133 3.1.1. The 'Work' of Syntactic Derivations 135 3.1.2. Summary 137 3.2. Lexical Derivation 137 3.2.1. Introduction 137 3.2.2. Lexical Redundancy Conventions 137 3.2.2.1. Phonological and Morphological Redundancy Conventions 138 3.2.2.2. Derivational Redundancy Conventions 139 3.2.2.3. Semantic Redundancy Conventions 140 3. 2.2.4. Other Redundancy Conventions 143 3.2.3. Derivational Programs 144 3.3. Conventions for the Assignment of Idiomatic and Metaphorical Meaning 150 4. The Development of MF in NGP 151 4.1. Introduction 151 4.2.1. Confusion of Parts of Speech 152 4.2.2. Multi-Level Generative Systems 154 4.2.3. Re1exification Theory 154 4.2.4. Theories Stressing the Optimalisation of Grammar 155 4.2.4.1. Presence of Alternative Programs 155 vi Page 4.2.4.2. Supp1etion 156 �. MF in NGP and its English Counterparts 157 5.1. Hypotheses about the Relationship between NGP and English 157 5.�. Differences between English and NGP Word Formation 158 5.2.1. Surface Differences 158 5.2.2. Differences in General Conventions 159 5.2.3. Differences in the Restrictions on Productivity 159 5.3. The P01ysystemic Nature of NGP 160 5.3.1. Additional Patterns of MF 161 5.3.2. Successful Integration of New Loans 161 5.3.3. Loans which cannot be Integrated 162 6. Conclusions 16 3 No.te� 165 B.i..bl.i..oglLaphy 170 DESCRIPTIVE AND PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR IN NEW GUINEA PIDGIN by S.A. Wurm 175 No.te 183 B.i..bl.i..og4aphy 184 TOK PISIN SYNTAX - THE EAST AUSTRONESIAN FACTOR by D.S. Walsh 185 1. Introduction 185 1.1. The Derivation of Tok Pisin Lexicon and Syntax 185 1. 2. The East Austronesian Factor 186 1.3. The Nature of the Evidence 187 2. Evidence 187 2.1. Noun Phrases 187 2.2. The Articles 'the' and 'a' 188 2.3. Gender 188 2.4. Number 188 2.5. The Noun as Subject 189 2.6. Pronouns 190 2.6.1. Personal Pronouns 190 2.6.2. 'Possessive' Pronouns 190 2.6.3. The 'Intensive' Pronouns 190 2. 7. Verbs 191 2.7.1. The Use of the Predicate Marker 191 2.7.2. The Transitive Suffix 191 2.7.3. Time Relation 192 2.B. Reduplication 192 3. Conclusion 193 No.te� 194 lS.i..bUog4aphy 196 Todd, L., Mühlhäusler, P., Wurm, S.A., Platt, J., Mühlhäusler, P. and Walsh, D. editors. Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics No. 1. A-54, vi + 203 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-A54.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN CAMEROON PIDGIN ENGLISH AND TOK PISINl Loret o Todd and Peter MUhlhausler 1. FOREWORD ON IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS An idiom can be defined as 'a sequence of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meaning of the words themselves' (Palmer 1976:41). Thus, neither the meaning of : 1) a lame duck nor of : 2) take to one's heels can be deduced from the literal understanding of their parts. Idiomatic usage can differ considerably even within the same language . There are , for example, differences in the level of formality between : 3) go off the deep end 4) flip one 's lid and : 5) go bananas 6) go ape .