The Segment in Phonetics and Phonology The Segment in Phonetics and Phonology Edited by Eric Raimy and Charles E. Cairns This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of Eric Raimy and Charles E. Cairns to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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Set in 10.5/13pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2015 Contents Notes on Contributors vii 1 Introduction 1 Eric Raimy and Charles E. Cairns Part I Is Segmentation Real? 23 2 The Segment in Articulatory Phonology 25 Carol A. Fowler 3 Beyond the Segment 44 Markus A. Pöchtrager 4 A Prosodic Theory of Vocalic Contrasts 65 Chris Golston and Wolfgang Kehrein 5 Segmentation and Pinky Extension in ASL Fingerspelling 103 Jonathan Keane, Diane Brentari, and Jason Riggle 6 Categorical Segments, Probabilistic Models 129 Kathleen Currie Hall Part II What Are the Roles of Segments in Phonology? 147 7 The Opponent Principle in RcvP: Binarity in a Unary System 149 Harry van der Hulst 8 Why the Palatal Glide Is Not a Consonant in Japanese: A Dependency‐based Analysis 180 Kuniya Nasukawa vi Contents 9 Determining Cross‐Linguistic Phonological Similarity Between Segments: The Primacy of Abstract Aspects of Similarity 199 Charles B. Chang 10 Contrast and Vowel Features 218 San Duanmu 11 The Phonetics and Phonology of Segment Classification: A Case Study of /v/ 236 Christina Bjorndahl Part III Case Studies 251 12 The Perception of Vowel Quality and Quantity by Turkish Learners of German as a Foreign Language 253 Katharina Nimz 13 Compensatory Lengthening in Hungarian VnC Sequences: Phonetic or Phonological? 267 Mária Gósy and Robert M. Vago 14 Päri Consonant Mutation as Defective Root Node Affixation 283 Jochen Trommer 15 Templates as Affixation of Segment‐sized Units: The Case of Southern Sierra Miwok 314 Eva Zimmermann Subject and Author Index 337 Language Index 346 Notes on Contributors Christina Bjorndahl is a doctoral candidate in Linguistics at Cornell University. Her dissertation research comprises a cross‐linguistic phonetic and phonological study of the class of voiced, non‐strident fricatives, with special attention on the segment transcribed as /v/. Diane Brentari is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Chicago. Her current research interests include phonology, morphology, and sign languages, particularly as they relate to issues of typology, language emergence, and prosody. She has also developed a model of phonological structure of sign, called the Prosodic Model, and she has also worked on the architecture of the sign language lexicon. Charles E. Cairns is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. His research is in the general area of phonological theory. He is founder and, with Eric Raimy, co‐organizer of the CUNY Phonology Forum, which has organized ten conferences since his retire­ ment in 2003. Raimy and Cairns edited Contemporary Views on Architecture and Representations in Phonology, published by MIT Press in 2009. He and Professor Raimy also edited the Handbook of the Syllable, published by Brill in 2011; they also co‐authored “Precedence relations in phonology,” which appeared in The Blackwell Companion to Phonology in 2011. Charles B. Chang is a Lecturer in Linguistics at Rice University. Dr. Chang’s research addresses questions at the intersection of phonetics, phonology, and language contact. Recent and ongoing projects have examined the early stages of second‐language phonological acquisition; interactions between the native and target languages in the mind of a second‐language learner; language transfer; heritage language phonology; and contact‐induced sound change. viii Notes on Contributors San Duanmu is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Michigan. He received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from MIT in 1990 and has held teaching posts at Fudan University, Shanghai (1981–1986) and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1991–present). His research focuses on general properties of language, especially those in phonology. Carol A. Fowler is Professor Emerita at University of Connecticut and former President and Senior Research Scientist at Haskins Laboratories. Her research is on speech perception and speech production from an ecological perspective. Chris Golston is Professor of Linguistics at California State University Fresno and a member of the Chukchansi Revitalization Project. His research is on phonology, morphology, meter, and the syntax‐phonology interface. Mária Gósy is a Professor at Eötvös Loránd University and Head of the Phonetics Department of the Linguistics Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Her research areas are phonetics and psycholinguistics. Her current work focuses on the speech production process and on disfluencies of spontaneous speech. Kathleen Currie Hall is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of British Columbia, where her research focuses on the perception, production, and modeling of phonological relationships, using techniques from a wide variety of areas, including experimental phonetics, psycholinguistics, socio­ linguistics, semantics, and information theory. Harry van der Hulst is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Connecticut. He specializes in phonology and has done research in feature systems and segmental structure, syllable structure, word accent systems, vowel harmony, sign language phonology, the phonology‐phonetic interface, historical phonology, child phonology, language evolution, and cognitive science. Jonathan Keane is a Ph.D. candidate in Linguistics at the University of Chicago. His current research interests are the phonetics and phonology of sign languages. Specifically the phonetics of fingerspelling, and how that informs handshape as well as articulatory models of language production. Additionally he is interested in instrumental data acquisition and articulatory phonology. Wolfgang Kehrein works as an Assistant Professor of German and European Linguistics at the University of Groningen and as a Guest Researcher at the University of Amsterdam. His research is on phonology, the phonetics‐phonology interface, and historical linguistics. Kuniya Nasukawa undertook research for his Ph.D. in Linguistics at University College London and is Professor of Linguistics at Tohoku Gakuin University, Japan. Notes on Contributors ix His research focuses on prosody‐melody interaction in phonology, and he is editor of The Bloomsbury Companion to Phonology (Bloomsbury 2013) and author of A Unified Approach to Nasality and Voicing (Mouton 2005). Katharina Nimz is a doctoral candidate in Linguistics at the University of Potsdam and the University of Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne. After a teaching position at the Humboldt University of Berlin, she is now working on her Ph.D. thesis on L2 sound acquisition. Her main interest lies in the relationship between L2 sound perception and production and the influence of orthography on cross‐linguistic speech phenomena. Markus A. Pöchtrager received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Vienna and is currently Assistant Professor in Linguistics at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul. His research interests include phonological (meta)theory, phonology‐ morphology interaction,