Globalization, Foreign Languages and National Identity in the Dominican Republic Dr. Pedro Tavarez DaCosta Santo Domingo, D.R. 2018 Page Index--------------------------------------------------------i Abstract---------------------------------------------------iii Introduction----------------------------------------------- iv Chapter I: The Dominican Republic as a Multilingual Society-1 Boyer´s Plans to Dominate the Hispaniola Island--------------3 Chapter II: The Birth of a Nation----------------------------7 Definition of a Nation---------------------------------------7 National Identity as Defined---------------------------------9 Formation of a National Identity-----------------------------9 Conceptualization-------------------------------------------10 Self-Categorization-----------------------------------------10 Effect------------------------------------------------------11 Salience----------------------------------------------------11 National Identity as a Collective Phenomenon----------------11 Globalization-----------------------------------------------13 Issues------------------------------------------------------13 Patriotism as Defined---------------------------------------14 Philosophical Issues----------------------------------------15 Marxism-----------------------------------------------------16 Chauvinism as Defined---------------------------------------16 Male Chauvinism---------------------------------------------17 In the Workplace--------------------------------------------18 Female Chauvinism-------------------------------------------19 Our Nation--------------------------------------------------19 Chapter III: The Legal Framework of the Dominican State and Nationality. -----------------------------------------------25 The Source of Law-------------------------------------------25 The Constitution--------------------------------------------25 The Law-----------------------------------------------------26 The Jurisprudence-------------------------------------------26 Our First Written Constitution------------------------------27 Chapter IV: Recent Historical Factors that Reinforced Dominican Patriotism. ------------------------------------------------56 The Fall of a Dictatorship----------------------------------56 The Rise of Democracy---------------------------------------57 The Military Coup D’état against President Bosch------------58 Main Events of the 1965 Revolution--------------------------58 Second U.S. Military Occupation-----------------------------60 The Generational Change in the Political Leadership---------60 i Chapter V: English and Haitian Creole, two Rejected Languages-62 Krashen´s Theories--------------------------------------------62 Collective Consciousness--------------------------------------71 The Rejection for Learning English in our Schools-------------79 A Definition of the Creole Language---------------------------80 A Definition of the American English Language-----------------86 Chapter VI: English as an Operational Language----------------91 Free Trade Zones in the Dominican Republic--------------------92 Tax Revenues--------------------------------------------------94 Total of Exports----------------------------------------------97 Major League Baseball in the Dominican Republic--------------100 Chapter VII: What the Future Lies Ahead----------------------108 Geopolitics as Defined---------------------------------------114 The International Backgrounds of Geopolitics-----------------115 The New Influence of Haitian Creole--------------------------119 References---------------------------------------------------121 Appendix “A” The Dominican Constitution------------------------- Appendix “B” The TC Ruling 168-013------------------------------ Appendix “C” The 1948 Immigration Law--------------------------- ii Abstract Due to the fact of the transformation of the Dominican economy, jumping from a rural, sugar cane exporting-country to a more diverse economy, based in four pillars: The Remittance of US Dollars of Dominicans living in America, the Tourism Industry, the Duty-free Industrial Parks and the Major League Base-ball Players and Academies, it is not difficult to imagine that English has been the language par excellence behind those advancements. Those socio-political facts besides the phenomenon of globalization have had a tremendous impact in popularizing this language with the correspondent academic impact of modernizing and reforming our national curriculum, for both private and public schools, and colleges and universities as well. So, the English language has come a long way in our nation, ranging from the language of a social elite, to a language of mass instruction all over the nation. But the English language had not been the only language that our nation has faced, beginning with the imposition of Spanish over the living population of Tainos during the time of the colonization to suffering the invasion of foreign powers up to recent times, and the subsequent languages interchanges. Keywords: Globalization, Foreign Languages, National Identity. iii Introduction The main purpose of this essay it is to offer an ample scope as possible as it could be in this brief work, on the historical, sociological, economical and linguistic facts the shaped our nation before and after becoming a sovereign country. Chapter One deals with a briefing on prehistory and the process undergone by our aborigines in the Taino’s society when abruptly conquered by the Spaniards, thus suffering a traumatic process that eventually disappeared them from the surface of earth. Chapter Two, offers a series of sociological definitions for key words and terminology presented throughout these pages, such as Nationalism, Chauvinism, and Globalization. Chapter Three exposes a meticulous explanation on the legality aspects of our Law Corpus. Chapter Four tell the story of the main historical facts that reinforced our sense of nationalism and belonging to this land in recent times. Chapter Five enters in the arena of explaining why in a given period of our recent history and important language like English was rejected, as well as, the refusal of Dominicans to the use of Haitian’s immigrant of their Creole language in our land. iv Chapter Six analyses the upcoming of English as an operational language in the new model of the Dominican economy. And finally, Chapter Seven tries to guess what the futures lies ahead of us, in a country shaken by external forces that are trying to impose an agenda on our country, not always favorable to the best interests of our nation. v 1 Chapter I: The Dominican Republic as a Multilingual Society The intention of the present observation, it is to offer a linguistic account of the historical facts that led to the shape of what is today our nation, the Dominican Republic, and of the different languages spoken here thus playing an important role in our history and shaping our society from the very beginning as a multilingual society, which according to West (1975) ¨ is the ability to function with equal facility in two or more languages¨. Another definition of Multilingualism is offered by as follows: https://www.wikipedia.org/ (Document retrieved on 09/12/17) Multilingualism is the use of two or more languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one other language in addition to their mother tongue. Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenon governed by the needs of globalization and cultural openness. Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly frequent, thereby promoting a need to acquire additional languages. People who speak several languages are also called polyglots. Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language (L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is acquired without formal education, by 2 mechanisms heavily disputed. Children acquiring two languages in this way are called bilinguals: They are called simultaneous bilinguals. Even in the case of simultaneous bilinguals, one language usually dominates the other. People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals. Additionally, bilinguals often have important economic advantages over monolingual individuals as bilingual people are able to carry out duties that monolinguals cannot, such as interacting with customers who only speak a minority language. Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between internationalization and localization. Due to the status of English in computing, software development nearly always uses it (but see also Non-English-based programming languages), so almost all commercial software is initially available in an English version, and multilingual versions, if any, may be produced as alternative options based on the English original.(Document retrieved on 10/23/17) The Hispaniola Island has ever been since its pre- historical times, the settlement of the Tainos, Ciguayos and 3 Caribe people, formerly recognized groups from the trunk of the Arawak, the language they spoke before the arrivals of the Spanish Conquistadores