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University Micrcxilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8426411 Hunter, Susan AN INQUIRY INTO POLICY CONFLICT: THE ONTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY DISPUTES The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1984 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1984 by Hunter, Susan All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages_______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy____ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page_______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages_______ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound cop y with print lost in spine_______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s) 125 lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)______________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered______________ . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages_______ 15. Other______________________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International AN INQUIRY INTO POLICY CONFLICT: THE ONTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY DISPUTES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Susan Hunter, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1984 Reading Committee: Approved By: Dr. Stuart J. Thorson Dr. Kristi Anderson Dr. John Dryzek Dr. James Farr Adfvisor Department of Political Science Copyright By Susan Hunter 1984 To George F. Hunter ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The years I have spent in pursuit of this degree have been long and often difficult— not just for me, but for my family as well. They have not always understood my edginess and bouts of extreme frustration, but they have always been there for me. I am grateful for their support and understanding. I wish to express my gratitude also to Dr. Stuart J. Thorson who has been my adviser almost from day one. He has encouraged, advised and fought for me every step of the way. His confidence in me kept me going when I would have stopped. I wish to thank Dr. Donald Sylvan who has been an adviser and friend for the entire four years of my graduate work. Special thanks go also to my reading Committee. Dr. Kristi Andersen has provided a great deal of help on editing, but has always provided a work environment in the Polimetrics Laboratory which was conducive to writing, thinking, and learning. Dr. John Dryzek first introduced me to environmental policy and to the normative issues in policy analysis. For that, as well as for his advice, objective and careful reading of every chapter, and his friendship go my thanks. Dr. James Farr has provided such detailed comments on every chapter that the pages have often "run red" with ink, but the comments have added a great deal to the quality of this work. My thanks go to Dr. Farr for the long discussions on political theory which have helped.to form my own views, as well as for his devotion to the task of reading this dissertation. The entire staff of the Polimetrics Laboratory deserve very special thanks. I have learned more here about survey research than could be learned in a classroom, and have been able to work with the best staff at Ohio State University while doing so. Nora Groves has "lightened" the load when I needed time, and has been a friend as well. Elizabeth Cook, my companion in computations, has provided a few sentences for the dissertation as well as companionship for lunches, movies, and other essential activities. Mark Teare, my closest friend, taught me to use the computer systems, and spent many hours debating with me the philo­ sophical questions which are the core of this research. Jim Ludwig has made it possible for me to write and produce this dissertation with relative ease. Without Jim's assistance, I would still be typing. Thanks also to Monika, Jeff, Molly, Maria, and Sean who have taken messages, helped typed sections of this work, drawn flow charts, and helped to make Polimetrics and unusually pleasant place to work. My four years at Ohio STate University have been made easier by the support provided by the staff of the Political Science Department. I wish to thank Emily Fogel, Sandy Wood, and especially Dick Stoddard for all the little things they did to "ease" the way. iv VITA April 13, 1947........... ...... Born - Flint Michigan 1970............................ B.A., Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 1980............................ M.A., Central Michigan University Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 1980-1981....................... University Fellow, The Ohio State University 1982-1984....................... Graduate Research Associate, Polimetrics Laboratory, The Ohio State University 1983............................ M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS "Community, Crime, and Rationality" (with Stuart J. Thorson), Pittsburgh Symposium on Modeling and Simulation. Pittsburgh. April, 1982. "The International Whaling Commission as a Global Actor", International Studies Association Conference in St. Louis, November, 1982. "Environmental Mediation: Can It Work for International Problems?" (with John Dryzek), International Studies Association Conference in Atlanta, Georgia, March 1984. v FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Policy Policy Evaluation. Professors John Dryzek and Donald Sylvan. Methods and Techniques. Professors Don Sylvan, John Dryzek, and Stuart Thorson. Values on Policy Analysis. Professors Stuart Thorson and James Farr. Environmental Policy. Professor John Dryzek. Minor Field: Theory Critique of Methods. Profesor James Farr. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................... iii VITA......................................................... v LIST OF TABLES............................................... lx LIST OF FIGURES.............................................. x CHAPTER 1. ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT................................ 1 1.1 The Problem................... 1 1.2 Rationality...................................... 8 1.2.1 Rationality of Beliefs.................... 10 1.2.2 Ontologies................................. 13 1.3 Outline of Dissertation.......................... 16 2. RATIONALITY AND ACTION................................ 20 3. RATIONALITY AND BELIEF................................ 35 4. HISTORICAL DISTINCTIONS............... 47 4.1 Oneness.......................................... 51 4.2 Apartness........................................ 56 4.2.1 By Spirit.................................. 57 4.2.2 By Reason.................................. 61 4.3 Conceptual Differences........................... 64 5. ONTOLOGY, WHAT?....................................... 66 5.1 Ideological Answers to Environmental Problems.... 67 5.2 Ontological Distinctions......................... 74 5.3 Conclusion....................................... 85 vii 6. RESEARCH DESIGN 87 6.1 Selection of Q Sort Respondents................. 93 6.2 Selection of Stimuli............................ 95 6.3 Constructing Ideal Types........................ 97 6.4 Pattern Matchings.............................. 98 7. THE REALITY OF ONTOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES................ 100 7.1 Type 1