Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific Christophe Wiart, Pharm.D. Ethnopharmacologist Boca Raton London New York CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 7245_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, December 21, 2005 2:07 PM Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7245-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7245-2 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005036199 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wiart, Christophe. Medicinal plants of Asia and the Pacific / Christophe Wiart. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-7245-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8493-7245-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Medicinal plants--Asia. 2. Medicinal plants--Pacific Area. 3. Ethnopharmacology--Asia. 4. Ethnopharmacology--Pacific Area. 5. Traditional medicine--Asia. 6. Traditional medicine--Pacific Area. [DNLM: 1. Plants, Medicinal--Asia--Handbooks. 2. Plants, Medicinal--Pacific Islands--Handbooks. 3. Ethnopharmacology--Asia--Handbooks. 4. Ethnopharmacology--Pacific Islands--Handbooks. 5. Medicine, Oriental Traditional--Asia--Handbooks. 6. Medicine, Oriental Traditional--Pacific Islands--Handbooks. QV 735 W631m 2006] I. Title. RS179.W53 2006 615’.321--dc22 2005036199 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at is the Academic Division of Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 7245_book.fm Page v Saturday, May 6, 2006 12:26 PM Dedication I owe a special thanks to my family for their generosity in creating and sustaining a domestic milieu conducive to my work. Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 7245_book.fm Page vii Saturday, May 6, 2006 12:26 PM Preface When I began thinking about this book, I was guided by the wish to solve a dilemma. After 10 years of carefully conducted ethnopharmacological research, I could not help but conclude that the hundreds of molecules of clinical value awaiting discovery in the Pacific Rim might never be discovered while the global prevalence of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and microbial infections continued to grow. One possible reason for the slow rate of discovery of drugs from plants is the fact that there are a few researchers who master and rationally interconnect botany, pharmacology, traditional medicines, pharmacy, and modern medicine. One can perhaps envision the creation of a new discipline of science which would encompass all these disciplines. For the time being most drugs that are discovered from plants result from enormous strikes of good luck. The idea to shed some light on the pharmacological potentials of medicinal flora of the Pacific Rim was thus born, and I undertook the laborious task of writing this extensive work on 36 families of medicinal plants of great topicality. Each of the 173 medicinal plants described in this book is of particular interest and should be viewed as a starting point for further research, which may result in the discovery of drugs. Each plant in this book is described as accurately as possible, which allows nonbotanists to recognize the samples, which are accompanied by personally made botanical plates. The traditional uses of each plant are provided and the rationality of these uses is described and explained using chemotaxonomy, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry. In addition, detailed chemical structures and indications for further fruitful investigations are provided. This book is written for all who are interested in participating in the task to find cures from the medicinal plants of the Pacific Rim. My hope is that the readers of this book will appreciate the wealth of knowledge and information that is available in the field of drug research from medicinal plants. First, this book will allow the active researcher to examine his or her own work in light of detailed accounts by scientists engaged in similar fields of research. Second, the researcher will profit from the hundreds of references to pertinent publications summarized and critically com- mented upon in this book. Third, a vast number of readers in the fields of pharmacology, medicine, biotechnology, veterinary medicine, and biochemistry, as well as nonscientists, will have the oppor- tunity to undertake a pleasant and colorful journey through the medicinal flora of the Pacific Rim. I am most indebted to the individuals who have contributed to the production of this book and who have done so much to guarantee its success. Christophe Wiart Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 7245_book.fm Page ix Saturday, May 6, 2006 12:26 PM About the Author Christophe Wiart was born in Saint Malo, France. He earned a Doctorate of Pharmacy from the University of Rennes in 1996 and is currently an associate professor of pharmacognosy at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Dr. Wiart has been studying medicinal plants of the Pacific Rim for the last 10 years. His activities and accomplishments include patenting, con- ferences, plenary lectures, and the publication of several peer-reviewed research articles and aca- demic books. Contact: [email protected] Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 7245_book.fm Page xi Saturday, May 6, 2006 12:26 PM Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Medicinal Plants Classified in the Family Annonaceae ...........................................5 2.1 General Concept ...................................................................................................................5 2.2 Fissistigma lanuginosum (Hk. f. et Th.) Merr. ....................................................................5 2.2.1 Botany ......................................................................................................................6 2.2.2 Ethnopharmacology .................................................................................................7 2.3 Fissistigma manubriatum (Hk. f. et Th.) .............................................................................7 2.3.1 Botany ......................................................................................................................7 2.3.2 Ethnopharmacology .................................................................................................7 2.4 Phaeanthus ebracteolatus (Presl.) Merr. ..............................................................................7 2.4.1 Botany ......................................................................................................................8 2.4.2 Ethnopharmacology .................................................................................................8 References .........................................................................................................................................8 Chapter 3 Medicinal Plants Classified in the Family Myristicaceae ........................................9 3.1 General Concept ...................................................................................................................9 3.2 Knema glaucescens Jack ....................................................................................................10 3.2.1 Botany ....................................................................................................................10 3.2.2 Ethnopharmacology ...............................................................................................10 3.3 Knema globularia (Lamk.) Warb. ......................................................................................10 3.3.1 Botany ....................................................................................................................11