Import risk assessment: Unrestric ted imports ofruminan, swine, and poultry meat and meat products fr om the Eur opean Union This page is intentionally blank Primary author: Stephen Cobb BSc(VetSci) BVM&S MRCVS, Director, SRC Associates Prepared for: A t v in n u v e g a - og NÝSKÖPUNARRÁÐUNEYTIÐ Ministry of Industries and Innovation This page is intentionally blank CONTENTS 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 3. Scope 4. Commodity definition 5. Methodology 6. Preliminary hazard list 7. African swine fever virus 8. Aujeszky’s disease virus 9. Avian encephalomyelitis virus 10. Avian infectious bronchitis virus 11. Avian influenza virus 12. Avian m etapneum ovirus 13. Avian paramyxoviruses (except Newcastle disease virus) 14. Border disease virus 15. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 16. Capripoxvirus 17. Classical swine fever virus 18. Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus 19. Duck adenovirus A (egg drop syndrome) 20. Duck hepatitis virus 21. D uck virus enteritis virus 22. Foot and mouth disease virus 23. Infectious bursal disease virus 24. Newcastle disease virus 25. Nipah virus 26. Peste des petits ruminants virus 27. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus 28. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 29. Porcine teschovirus 30. Swine vesicular disease virus 31. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus 32. Vesicular exanthema of swine virus 33. Vesicular stomatitis virus 34. B a cill us anthracis 35. B r u c e ll a spp. 1 36. C h la m y d o p h i la a b o r tu s 37. C ox iell a b u r n e ti i 38. L e p to sp ir a spp. 39. M ycobacterium bovis 40. M y co p la s m a spp. (O IE-Listed) 41. M y co p la s m a spp. (Non OIE-Listed avian isolates) 42. Pasteurelia m ultocida 43. Salmonella abortus ovis 44. S a lm o n ella G allinarum -Pullorum 45. The agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy 46. E ch i nococcus granulosus 47. Neospora can in u m 48. T a en ia spp. (T. ovis, T. sag i n a ta , and T s o li um ) 49. Trich i n e lla spp. 50. APPENDIX 1 - ICELANDIC REGULATION NO. 448/2012 51. APPEND IX 2 - CH A PTE R 2.1 OF T H E OIE TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL HEALTH CODE 11 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Currently, imports of fresh meat into Iceland are not Viruses permitted although considerable amounts of meat are • African swine fever virus imported1 that has been subject to freezing for a 30 • Aujeszky’s disease virus day period. The European Free Trade Association • Avian encephalomyelitis virus Surveillance Authority (ESA) has challenged the • Avian infectious bronchitis virus scientific justification for Iceland’s current import policy for raw meat and other raw animal products as • Avian influenza virus set out in Icelandic Regulation No. 448/2012 (on • Avian metapneumovirus measures to prevent the introduction of animal • Avian paramyxoviruses (except Newcastle diseases and contaminated products to Iceland)2. As disease virus) a signatory to the World Trade Organization’s • Border disease virus Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and • Bovine viral diarrhoea virus Phytosanitary Measures (the “SPS Agreement”), • Capripoxvirus Iceland must base its SPS measures on an appropriate • Classical swine fever virus assessment of the actual risks involved, and, if • Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus requested, make known what factors have been taken into consideration, the assessment procedures used, • Duck adenovirus A (Egg drop syndrome) and the level of risk determined to be acceptable. • Duck hepatitis virus • Duck virus enteritis virus This document examines the biological risks • Foot and mouth disease virus associated with the unrestricted3 import of ruminant, • Infectious bursal disease virus swine, and poultry meat from the European Union. • Newcastle disease virus Detailed discussion of risk management measures to • Nipah virus provide the appropriate level of protection against • Peste des petits ruminants virus these identified risks is outside the scope of this assessment. The methodology followed in this • Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus document follows the guidelines described in Chapter • Porcine reproductive and respiratory 2.1 of the World Organisation for Animal Health syndrome virus (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code4. • Porcine teschovirus • Swine vesicular disease virus This assessment begins with the construction of a • Transmissible gastroenteritis virus preliminary hazard list that includes the 69 OIE- • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus Listed diseases that are associated with ruminants, • Vesicular stomatitis virus swine, and poultry together with 60 other diseases that are considered to be of concern to Iceland, Bacteria namely those diseases listed under Iceland’s domestic legislation (Act No. 25/1993). After consideration of • Bacillus anthracis this preliminary hazard list, the following organisms • Brucella spp. were identified as requiring further analysis to • Chlamydophila abortus determine if they should be identified as potential • Coxiella burnetii hazards: • Leptospira spp. • Mycobacterium bonis • Mycoplasma spp. (OIE-Listed) • Mycoplasma spp. (Non OIE-Listed avian 1 For example, between 1 November 2011 and 28 February 2012, isolates) Iceland imported 150 tonnes of pig meat, 138 tonnes of chicken • Pasteurella multocida (Haemorrhagic meat, 38 tonnes of turkey meat, and 20 tonnes of beef from the septicaemia) European Union. • Salmonella abortus oris 2 Icelandic Regulation No. 448/2012 is reproduced in full in • Salmonella Gallinarum-Pullorum Appendix 1 of this document. 3 This risk assessment assesses the biosecurity risks associated with Other chilled or frozen meat and meat products derived from ruminants, • The agent of bovine spongiform swine, or poultry that have passed ante-mortem and post-mortem encephalopathy inspection in slaughter and processing plants approved for export, which operate effective Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and • Neospora caninum Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) programmes. • E chinococcus granulosus There is no examination of the effectiveness of any internal EU • Taenia spp. (T. oris, T. saginata, and T. solium) legislation that may offer some protection against the identified risks. • Trichinella spp. 4 Chapter 2.1 of the current OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code is included as Appendix 2 of this document. Import Risk Assessment. Ruminant, swine, and poultry meat and meat products from the European Union After consideration of the epidemiology of these As a result of individual risk assessments for each agpnts, the following pathogens were identified as potential hazard, the following pathogens have been potential hazards in unrestricted imports of ruminant, assessed to be risks if unrestricted imports of swine, and poultry meat from the European Union ruminant, swine, and poultry meat from the and were subject to individual risk assessments: European Union were permitted: Viruses • African swine fever virus (imports of pig • African swine fever virus meat) • Avian infectious bronchitis virus • Brucella spp. (imports of ruminant or pig • Avian influenza virus meat) • Avian paramyxoviruses 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 • Classical swine fever virus (imports of pig • Bovine viral diarrhoea virus meat) • Classical swine fever virus • Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus • Duck hepatitis virus (imports of poultry meat) • Duck virus enteritis virus • Newcastle disease virus (imports of poultry meat) • Infectious bursal disease virus • Porcine reproductive and respiratory • Newcastle disease virus syndrome virus (imports of pig meat) • Porcine reproductive and respiratory • Swine vesicular disease virus (imports of pig syndrome virus meat) • Swine vesicular disease virus • Taenia oils (imports of sheep or goat meat) Bacteria • Trichinella spp. (imports of pig meat) • Bacillus anthrads As noted above, consideration of appropriate • Brucella spp. measures to manage these risks is beyond the scope • Mycoplasma gallisepticnm of this document. Furthermore, there are a number • Mycoplasma anatis of European Union Council Directives that govern • Mycoplasma iotvae measures to be taken within the European Union in • Mycoplasma mekagridis the face of a disease outbreak to minimise the • Salmonella Gallinarum-Pullorum likelihood of disease dissemination through international trade. These measures are likely to have Other a significant impact on the likelihood of introducing a • The agent of bovine spongiform number of the diseases identified above. However, encephalopathy an assessment of whether these measures alone are sufficient to meet Iceland’s appropriate level of • Neospora caniniim protection is beyond the scope of this report and is • Echinococcus granulosus rightly a decision for the Competent Authority in • Taenia spp. (T. avis, T. saginata, and T. solium) Iceland. • Trichinella spp. Import Risk Assessment. Ruminant, swine, and poultry meat and meat products from the European Union 2. INTRODUCTION The native livestock breeds of Iceland, well known they took into consideration, the assessment for their great genetic diversity and adaptability to procedures they used, and the level of risk they Nordic conditions, have historically played an determined to be acceptable. Although many important role in the food security of the country. governments already use risk assessment in their This particularly applies to the Icelandic sheep and management of food safety and animal and plant Icelandic dairy cattle while the Icelandic horse has health, the SPS Agreement encourages the wider use gained an international reputation in sport and of systematic risk assessment