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Xerox University Microfilms 75-11.379 KUMPF, Michael Martin, 1945- THE HOMERIC HAPAX LEGOMENA AND THEIR LITERARY USE BY LATER AUTHORS, ESPECIALLY EURIPIDES AND APOLLONIUS RHODIUS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Language and Literature, classical Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48ioo © 1975 MICHAEL MARTIN KUMPF ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE HOMERIC HAPAX LEGOMENA AJJD THEIR LITERARY USE BY LATER AUTHORS, ESPECIALLY EURIPIDES AND APOLLONIUS RHODIUS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Martin Kumpf, B.A., A.M. The Ohio State University 197^ Reading Committee: Dr. Stephen V. Tracy Dr. John W. Shumaker Dr. Robert J. Lenardon ' Adviser Department of Classics Meiner Frau Gewidmet ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Professor Stephen Tracy, my adviser, a debt of gratitude is due for suggesting the possibility of this study and for closely guiding me in its development. Gratitude is also due Professors John Shiunaker and Robert Lenardon for the constructive criticism which they rendered. An especial indebtedness is due my wife Sigrid whose assis­ tance and persistent encouragement have not only made this thesis possible but also my years of graduate study. 3 December I Ç h ^ ....... Born - Waterloo, Iowa 1 9 6 8 ................ B.A. magna cum laude. Classics Luther College, Decorah, Iowa 1 9 68-1970 ............. United States Army, The NATO Military Headquarters, SHAPE, Belgium 1971 -197 ^ ............. University Fellow, Department of Classics, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1 9 7 2 ................ A.M., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1972-1973 ............. Teaching Associate, The Department of Classics, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Homeric epic Latin Language and Literature. Professors Kenneth Abbott, Vincent Cleary, John Davis, Mark Morford, Carl Schlam, and Jane Snyder Greek Language and Literature. Professors Angeliki Dracliman, David Hahm, Robert Lenardon, John Shumaker, and Stephen TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................. iii VITA ............................................ iv LIST OF SYMBOLS AND TERMS.......................... vi INTRODUCTION ..................................... vii Chapter I. THE TECHNICAL TERM "HAPAX LEGOMENON"....... 1 The Term as Used by Ancient Scholars A Stipulative Definition of the Term An Examination of the Homeric Hapax Legomena Themselves II. THE COGNIZANCE OF THE HOMERIC HAPAX LEGOMENA PRIOR TO ARISTARCHEAN SCHOLARSHIP...... Jl3 A Survey of the Critical Studies on the Homeric Vocabulary (6th Cent.-2nd Cent. B.C.) Homer and Greek Education III. THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE HOfiERIC HAPAX LEGOMENA FOR LITERARY E F F E C T ................... 93 The Exploitation of the Homeric Hapax Legomena Euripides: The Cyclons Apollonius Rhodius: The Argonautica, Book I APPENDIX 1. An Index of the Homeric Hapax Legomena .... l60 2. The Hapax Legomena in H o m e r ........... 275 3. Euripides and the Homeric Hapax Legomena . 278 k. Apollonius and the Homeric Hapax Legomena . 201 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................. 282 LIST OF SYîœOLS M D TERMS v.l............... varia lectio— a variant reading ".................. a verb compounded with a preposi­ tion which exists or might exist in a separated state (i.e. in tmesis) + ............... a Homeric hapax legomenon which, according to our knowledge, is a Greek singularity "lexical vocable" . a word, regardless of meaning, granted a distinct entry in one of the lexicons discussed in this INTRODUCTION From the sixth century B.C. until the present, classical philologists have paid particular attention to the Homeric hapax legomena. Given the acute scrutiny granted the Iliad and the Odyssey by ancient critics, it was perhaps natural that numerous linguistic singularities were detected in the highly repetitive diction of Homer. Because of their unique nature the hapax lego­ mena have often been criticized as non-Homeric expressions. For the most part, analysts from Aristarchus onward have examined them with this possibility in mind. Although granting the ].egitima.cy of such investigations, we shall attempt to demonstrate in the following pages that the Homeric hapax legomena were employed by later authors for various artistic purposes and thereby merit the examination not only of the philologist but also of the literary On account of Homer's dominant place in many areas of Greek life (e.g. religion, education, entertainment), his poems were thoroughly studied and even memorized by every school boy. More­ over, scholars and school masters from the fifth century B.C. onward culled Homer's vocabulary for his rare and obsolete words (called glosses) and often published their results in monographs. Every student was expected to master these Homeric glosses. Thus vii the writers of the fifth century and afterwards were able to use the hapax legomena as one means of recalling the Homeric epics. In spite of the fact that the technical term "hapax legomenon' has been a conventional linguistic expression since the Alexandrian scholars, no common agreement has ever existed concerning its pre­ cise meaning. Depending upon the critic using it, "hapax lego­ menon" has signified singularities ranging from unique words and phrases to exceptional literary occurrences. Because of the non- restrictive nature of the term, I found it necessary in the first chapter of the present study to formulate a working definition to be utilized in extracting the hapax legomena from Homer's vocab­ ulary (for the list of hapax legomena, cf. Appendix l). With this list it was then possible to examine the vocabularies of later authors to see which hapax legomena they selected for use in their own writings and the manner in which they applied them. The Cy­ clops of Euripides and book one of Apollonius' Argonautica were chosen for detailed analysis in order to show some of the ways in which a list of Homeric hapax legomena may be used. CHAPTER I THE TECHNICAL TERM "HAPAX LEGOMENON" The Term as Used by Ancient Scholars The technical term ctnaÇ AeyohEVov (or aiiaÇ ecpnMevov) has always been a rather ill-defined linguistic expression. From its earliest recorded^ occurrences in the Alexandrian and post- Alexandrian philologists the term seems to designate not only singular words, forms, and meanings, but also peculiarities of diverse sorts.^ In their acute analyses of the authors of the past, the Alexandrian scholars detected numerous things happening 1. Although we have no recorded mention of the use of the technical term before Aristarchus, it seems probable that earlier lexicographers and philologists detected singularities of numerous kinds in the works of various authors who were deemed worthy of analysis. This hypothesis will be developed in Chapter Two in regard to Homeric studies. 2. Even though not restricted to any one type of peculiar­ ity, the hapax legomena are, for the most part, linguistic sing­ ularities. For the use of the term to denote non-linguistic singularities (e.g. Hermes as the guide of the dead to Hades), see Wilhelm Dindorf (ed.), Scholia Graeca In Homeri Odysseam, Vol. 2 (Oxford : Typographeus Academicus, I8 5 5 ), Scholl Od. 2h.l, p. 72h. but once and made notations of these oddities. The term is not clearly defined in ancient literature; when the neuter Acyo" pevov is combined with the adverb auaÇ, the ensuing meaning can signify almost anything "being said" or "counted only once". Thus the term, lacking