Unification of italy upsc pdf Continue World History (Unification of Italy) What do you mean by the unification of Italy It was a political and social movement, agglomeration of the various states of the Italian peninsula into a single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. It began in 1815 with the Vienna Congress and the end of Napoleonic rule. It ended in 1871, when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Reasons: Common Religions of Italy, Language: Italian (Christianity). The geographical basis is also a common reason because it was relatively isolated from the entire Europe due to the Alps and the exploitation by Austria and France. The phases of the Italian association Carbonari: The Secret Organization Intellectual Awakening The Role of Kavura (Chancellor of Piedmont and the most important man in the Italian union) The Revolutionary Council of 1860 Garibaldi and its power Carbonari: Napoleon somewhat united the Italian states, but the Congress of Vienna of 1815 washed away the order established by Napoleon. with more than three-quarters of the population suffering from poverty and illiteracy, Italy's liberals and nationalists tried to achieve their goal through an armed uprising. Carbonari, a secret organization in Italy, became a means of their rebellion. But the rebels did not have mass support inside Italy, and also faced a powerful threat from the European alliance, so the uprising was suppressed. A clear message to Italian nationalists is that the unification of Italy requires a clear strategy, plan and organization. Intellectual Awakening: Intellectuals like ziobatti, Mazzini, etc. have played the role of awareness and awakening of the masses in Italy. Mazzini is called the Prophet of the Italian Association because he founded the Young Italy movement; preached the idea that Italian unification can only be possible with foreign aid and Austria is the biggest obstacle in unification. The role of Kavura: Mazzini's proposal inspired Kavur, who began to move along the path of Bismarck, emphasizing military and economic empowerment. He took advantage of the Crimean (marsh land in the Black Sea) war between Russia and Turkey and sent his army to help Great Britain and France, which supported the cause of Turkey. After Russia's defeat, the Paris Peace Conference was organized, and Kavur was invited as Italy's representative. he wanted European support for the unification of Italy. Italy was born in the marshy lands of Crimea as Italy gained recognition of the European community with this war and Kavur received guarantees from Great Britain and France to get help in this ambition of Italian unification. However, there was little sign of assistance from the UK and France. So, Kavur is now focused on Napoleon III and the Treaty of Plomlier, Napoleon III assured Kavur of France's help in uniting Italy. But in between Piedmont and Austria convinced Napoleon III of the negative consequences of the unification of Italy. Because of this, Napoleon III left Italy in Italy and it ended Kavur's dream of uniting Italy with war with Austria. Revolutionary Council 1860: The phase begins as an influence of the uprisings of the 1830s and 1848s, which emphasized the will of the people. This led to the formation of revolutionary councils in Italy (1860), which took the path of a plebiscite (meaning that every decision must be made with the help of eligible voters in that particular area or territory). But it was not successful as important Italian states like Naples, Venice or Venice, Sicily, etc. refused to budge to be the people. Garibaldi and his strength: Garibaldi and his powerful thousandth force, which attacked the unyielding states, played the final role. They also received internal mass support and fulfilled the task of reunification of Italy. Thus, Germany and Italy were the new nations in Europe in the 1870s. As the unification takes place (Italy by 1829) 1829 the Duchy of Mass and Carrara was annexed by the Duchy of Modena and Reggio. 1847 The Duchy of Lucca was annexed by Tuscany and Modena. Parma and Tuscany were changing. On December 8, 1859, the United Provinces of Central Italy were established. On March 22, 1860, Central Italy was merged with the Kingdom of Sardinia. Treaty of Turin of March 24, 1860. Savoy and Nice were annexed to France. On July 18, 1860, the Kingdom of Sardinia withdrew from Monaco. On August 18, 1860, Basilicata proclaimed its accession to the Kingdom of Sardinia. On August 21, 1860, Puglia proclaimed its accession to the Kingdom of Sardinia. On September 2, 1860, Pontecorvo joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. On September 3, 1860, Benevento joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. On September 7, 1860, Naples was liberated. On September 16, 1860, papal troops removed Pontecorvo. On October 21, 1860, after the plebiscite, southern Italy joined the Kingdom of Sardiania. On December 7, 1860, papal troops were driven out of Pontecorvo. On December 17, 1860, after the plebiscite on November 4, Marche and Umbria were merged into the Kingdom of Sardiania. On February 2, 1861, Monaco handed Menton over to France. March 17, 1861 the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. February 3 - 4, 1865 Florence became the capital. August 23, 1866 Prague World. After the Austro-Prussian war Veneto was sent to France, and then France moved him to Italy. On September 20, 1870, the Papal state was annexed by Italy. On February 3, 1871, Rome became the capital of Italy. Compare and compare the Italian and German similarities of the association: The central theme was the same, namely the struggle of the enemy and the achievement of national unity. Both countries began a period of disunity, unsuccessfully tried to achieve their goals in 1848 and finally secured it almost at the same moment, with the same military operations. A strong state, i.e. Piedmont in Italy and Prussia in Germany, supported the cause of the national Kavur and Bismarck both should have initially resistance from stubborn Austria. These similarities are extremely superficial. Differences - Points in favor of Bismarck. Kavur's task was more difficult, as Piedmont was so weak that foreign aid was necessary for the unification of Italy. While Bismarck simply needed the neutrality of other states. Piedmont was not much different from other Italian states, while the Press has always always been a respected and prominent position in Germany. Sollverein has provided economic union, absent in Italy. In Germany, already a greater measure of unity than Italy, as there was no foreign rule to be overthrown, no influence of the Pope creates difficulties. Differences: The point against Bismarck Bismarck must work against popular will and the power of unity on a reluctant nation, while Kavur has given the effect of a fervent desire of the people. Austria is more entrenched in Germany than in Italy, so expelling Austria from Germany would create more opposition in Europe than in Italy. Thus, Bismarck's diplomatic difficulties were greater than Kavura's. An inspiring prophet like Mazzini's ideas and a loving figure like Garibaldi were a valuable asset in favor of Kavura; Bismarck was all alone and unaided. King William I bitterly and reluctantly supported Bismarck, while Emmanuel II fully supported Kavura. Principles and methods (How they differed) Kavur was a liberal and an ardent supporter of the parliamentary government, so he worked with the help of Parliament and a plebiscite, gave importance to the will of the people, looked at the liberalism and education of Piedmont. Bismarck was reactionary, hated the ideas of Parliament, the voice and will of the people, Polity Blood and Iron. Kavur could scare Piedmont's interest in achieving Italian unification, Bismarck, on the other hand, was Prussian in the first place, wanted the unification of Germany, subjecting its population to Prussian rules, so he was cruel, cruel and even suppressed the liberal and democratic elements of Germany. Learn more about religion in Italy Suggest improvement or report Error In this article, I want you through the unification of Italy for UPSC, World History UPSC Notes.Unification italyItalian Association (Unification of Italy) or Risorgimento, which means Revival or Rebirth, was a political and social movement that consolidated the various states of the Italian peninsula into a single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. The role of individuals in the unification of ItalyMazzini - heartCount Cavour - BrainGari Baldi - SwordThe process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and was completed in 1871, when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.Unification of Italy was a two-step process. At first she tried to gain independence from Austria. Secondly, it was to unite the independent Italian states into a single whole. Mazzini and Garibaldi who played the most important role in the process. For centuries, Italy has been nothing more than a geographical expression. It was a patchwork of small states jealous of each other. Never since the Roman Empire has the Italian peninsula been actually united under one rule. Various attempts to bring the Italian peninsula under one government ended in failure. The division of Italy between foreign dynasties was one of the main obstacles to the unification of Italy. Austria occupied the northern part of Italy. Princes of the Habsburg family in Austria ruled the duchys of Parma, Modena and Tuscany. In the south, the Kingdom of Sicily and Naples was during the Bourbon dynasty. It was because of the division of Italy into many independent parts that Metternich called Italy a geographical expression. Central Italy was under the temporary power of the Pope. In addition to the political division of the peninsula, the Italians themselves have not yet developed a full sense of national consciousness.