for my parents Promotor Prof. dr. Kornee van der Haven Vakgroep Letterkunde Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Nederlandse vertaling: Een Revisionistische, Genretheoretische en Historische Studie van de Engelse Ode in de Achttiende Eeuw A Revisionist, Genre-Theoretical, and Historical Study of the English Ode in the Eighteenth Century (1680–1760) Thomas Van der Goten Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Letterkunde 2017 Acknowledgements Four years of doctoral research have naturally resulted in an accumulation of debts to many people. My gratitude to every individual and institution that has been of assistance to me would quickly strain even the most fulsome Pindaric ode, so I will restrict my words of thanks to those people without whom this dissertation would never have existed. First and foremost, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Sandro Jung, who made it possible for me to embark upon a project so dear to his own heart, and whose advice, encouragement, and inspiration have been invaluable to me. His diligence and generosity as a scholar are, quite frankly, unparalleled. Under the aegis of his Centre for the Study of Text and Print Culture, I was able to benefit extensively from conferences and research days both at Ghent and abroad, which allowed me to engage intellectually and amicably with other scholars in the field. It has been a privilege to work under Sandro’s expert guidance and tutorship, and it is all the more regrettable that, due to unforeseen circumstances, he was unable to continue the supervision in the final year of my project. Sandro also fostered an environment of collegiality and congeniality among his doctoral students; I reserve special thanks for two of them, dear friends who have supported me from the beginning with words of kindness and advice, and with an unbelievable sense of humour: Dr. Kwinten Van De Walle and Dr. Thomas Spittael. I also wish to thank Prof. Dr. Kornee van der Haven, who generously agreed to take on the administrative supervision of my project when at a very inconvenient stage of the PhD I was forced to find another supervisor. Kornee worked tirelessly to make the transition as smooth as possible, and his insightful comments on the first drafts of my introduction were just as essential to me as the practical arrangements to which he attended. He has done more than I could possibly have bargained for on such short notice. Finally, but perhaps most importantly, my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, Marciane and Stany, and my sister, Charlotte—for everything. In lieu of an ode, I dedicate this dissertation to them. v List of Abbreviations 18thConnect 18thConnect: Eighteenth-Century Scholarship Online Burney 17th and 18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers Copac Copac: National, Academic, and Specialist Library Catalogue DMI Digital Miscellanies Index EEBO Early English Books Online ECCO Eighteenth Century Collections Online ESTC English Short Title Catalogue GM Gentleman’s Magazine NLS National Library of Scotland ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography OED Oxford English Dictionary POAS Poems On Affairs of State: Augustan Satirical Verse, 1660–1714, eds. William J. Cameron, Galbraith M. Crump, Frank H. Ellis, George de Forest Lord, Elias F. Mengel, and Howard H. Schless, 7 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963–1975) vii List of Figures Figure 1 “Ode” and “Pindaric” 1700–1750 .........................................................................5 Figure 2 Odes published in titular ode collections before 1740 .....................................7 Figure 3 Most Frequent Terms ......................................................................................... 16 Figure 4 Abundance pouring out her cornucopia, as featured in Addison’s Dialogues ................................................................................................................ 62 Figure 5 Frontispiece to William Sherlock’s Thanksgiving Day Sermon of 1704. ...... 68 Figure 6 Frontispiece to England’s Glory (1706) ............................................................... 71 Figure 7 Illustration in Poems on Affairs of State, vol. iv, 437, which shows Anne clipping the wings of le coq gaulois while as tutelary sun she eclipses the face of Louis XIV ........................................................................................... 74 Figure 8 Medallic print by Simon Gribelin commemorating the Battle of Namur (1695) ....................................................................................................... 85 Figure 9 Woodcut headpiece of An Ode: or Elegy (1701) ................................................. 98 Figure 10 An Elegy on the Death of ... William the Third (1702), with the same headpiece used for the Ode: or Elegy on James, but with decorative mourning borders ............................................................................................. 100 Figure 11 Frontispiece and titlepage of Tate’s Mausolæum (1695), which offers a visual representation of the monument designed by Wren. ..................... 104 Figure 12 Engraved print by John Sturt, advertised in The Daily Courant as “An Elegy on the Death of her late Majesty Queen Anne,” and expressly marketed as having the shape of a “Silver Twopence” ............................... 111 Figure 13 Ode length in total number of lines. .............................................................. 167 Figure 14 Expandable music score for Carter’s “Ode to Wisdom” as included in Richardson’s Clarissa, vol. ii, p. 50 (1747). ..................................................... 176 Figure 15 Woodcut headpiece to Warton’s “Ode to Horror,” printed in The Oxford Sausage. ................................................................................................... 207 Figure 16 Woodcut tailpiece to “Ode I,” in Two Odes. .................................................... 211 ix Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Across the Great Divide: Eighteenth-Century and Contemporary Views on the Ode .......................................................................................... 27 1.1 Recent Views on the Ode ............................................................................................. 29 1.2 The Problem with Titology: Pindaric and Horatian Odes ....................................... 33 1.3 Pindaric or Horatian? A Problematic Legacy............................................................ 37 Chapter 2 The Court Ode: Panegyric, Coinage, and Commemoration in the Age of Queen Anne ............................................................................................... 39 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 39 2.2 Monarchical Representations in the Court Ode ....................................................... 44 2.2.1 Restoration Panegyric and the Return of the Monarch ............................. 44 2.2.2 Birthday Odes and New Year Odes for William III ....................................... 48 2.2.3 Queen Anne and the Return of Astraea ......................................................... 51 2.2.4 Queen Anne as the Sun .................................................................................... 55 2.3 Intermediality and Commemoration: Odes and Medals ......................................... 58 2.3.1 Coinage and the Ode ........................................................................................ 58 2.3.2 The Flipside of Royal Coins ............................................................................. 65 2.3.3 Inscription and Monumentalization: Panegyric, Epic, or Ode? ................. 72 Chapter 3 The Elegiac Ode: Generic Modulation in Early Eighteenth-Century Funerary Verse .............................................................................................. 83 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 83 3.2 Generic Modulation and the Pindaric Funeral Ode ................................................. 90 3.3 Funerary Emblems, Woodcuts, and the Visualization of Death ............................ 95 3.4 Experiencing the Eighteenth-Century Funerary Moment ................................... 101 3.5 Generic Repertoires and the Funeral Ode ............................................................... 106 3.6 The Summer of 1714: A Case Study in Party-Political Generics ........................... 112 Chapter 4 The Sacred Ode: Prophecy, Form, and Figuration in the 1720s .............. 123 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 123 4.2 Prophecy and Eschatology in the Eighteenth-Century Ode ................................. 127 4.2.1 Classical Prophecy .......................................................................................... 127 4.2.2 Old Testament Prophecy ............................................................................... 131 xi 4.2.3 Eschatology ..................................................................................................... 134 4.3 The Origins of Poetry ................................................................................................. 136 4.4 Hebrew Verse and the Pindaric Ode .......................................................................