JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 09, 2020 ASSAMESE AND NEPALI LANGUAGE SENTENCES BASED ON SYNTAX: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY Dr. Himakshi Bordoloi Gauhati University Guwahati, Assam, India Received: 08.03.2020 Revised: 25.04.2020 Accepted: 14.05.2020 Abstract: Syntax is a significant level in linguistics. Word is a combination of sound and appearance and based on the meaning of the word, a sentence is constructed. A speaker can express his feelings better through sentences formed in this method. Syntax has a large span. Earlier, the traditional grammar included the types of sentences, extraction and contraction of sentences and the transformation of sentences into syntax, and it is only in the later times, the minutest analysis of sentence formation is incorporated in it. It is noteworthy that the real meaning of a statement can be realized only when the context, purpose, objective and the feelings of the speaker is known. Assamese and Nepali are two branches of the modern Indian Aryan language under the Indo-European language tree. The particular characteristics of both the language in context of syntax will be studied in our research paper. Analytical methodology is opted for while preparing this research paper. Keywords: Syntax, Assamese syntax, Nepali language 0.1 Introduction: The many sides of the Assamese language, the official language of Assam, are being practiced by the linguistic experts by using both Assamese and English languages. Similarly, Nepali, being the official language of Nepal and Sikkim, is practiced through the use of English, Nepali and now Assamese language. Assam has a great number of Nepali speaking people for which an effort has been made to make a deep study of the unique characteristics of both languages and trace the similarities and dissimilarities between these. 0.2 Methods: This research paper is prepared by using the analytical method in the study of the Assamese and Nepali language sentences. 0.3 Objective of the study: Assamese and Nepali, both the language originates from the same root. The main objective of our research is to conduct an analytical study of the sentence formation of these constitutionally approved languages. 0.4 Expanse of the research The main subject of the research paper is to study the grammatical classification used in the Assamese and Nepali language. 1.0 Subject-matter 1.01 The sentence formation process of Assamese and Nepali language 1.01.1 Although a word plays major role in sentence construction, it cannot be placed anywhere in a sentence. The three elements necessary for framing a sentence are – a. Expectancy b. Propriety of compatibility c. Proximity (Maral, 125) The aforementioned elements are chosen on the basis of the Assamese and Nepali language’s sentence formation. In this Assamese sentence- “Goruwe ghah khai” ‘goru’ (cow) is the noun, ‘Ghah’ (grass) is the objective and ‘khai’ (eats) is verb. As per the need of the sentence, the term ‘goru’ is turned into ‘goru + e= goruwe and ‘kha’ is added with the present tense third person ‘y’ to finally form ‘khai’ which denotes the verb ‘khai’ (eats). Although ‘ghah’ (grass) is used as an objective, the letter ‘k’ remains invisible. So, it can be seen that as the terms used in the sentence are being placed in appropriate positions, they have established a connection with each other and this means the compatibility and proximity both the qualities are expressed and the sentence is also fulfilling the expectancy of the listener. Similarly, if the same sentence is transformed into Nepali language, it will be something 2566 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 09, 2020 like this – “Gorule ghas khancho.” Like the Assamese sentence, here too gorule (noun), ghas (objective) and khancho (verb), the three words are used. In the Nepali language as well, the words are connected to each other based on their compatibility and have fulfilled the expectancy of the sentence by being meaningful. 1.01.2 There always are two parts in a sentence –Subject and Predicate. Subject means the main person or thing of the verb. On the other hand, every other verb and followers of a verb are called as Predicate. (Goswami, 177) For instance: Sentence no. 1 (Assamese) – Xoru loratue makok ghorua kamot xohay kori dise. Sentence no. 2 (Nepali)- Talla gharki kanchi churi aaj bozar janse. Sentence no. 1 Subject Predicate Xoru loratue makok ghorua kamot xohay kori dise Extension Noun Extension Verb Xoru loratue makok ghorua kamot xohay kori dise Subject Predicate Talla gharki kanchi churi aaj bozar janse Extension Noun Extension Verb Talla gharki kanchi churi aaj bozar janse 1.02 An analysis of the syntax of Assamese and Nepali language 1.02.1 The grammatical analysis used in the sentences of a language is generally presented in the discussion of syntax. Such analyses vary from one language to another. Apart from the subject and predicate, these two phrases are there in a complete sentence- Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase. Noted linguist Bloom Field spoke about two types of sentence constructions- (194) 1) Exocentric construction 2) Endocentric construction Bloom Field has shown a picture to choose the proximity of the parts used in the construction of sentence and he has named it as Immediate constituent analysis. (195) The proximity of Assamese and Nepali language is chosen in the following manner – Sentence no. 1 (Assamese): Moi gitarkhon Sangitar pora porohiei bojaboloi anisu. Moi/ gitarkhon Sangitar pora porohiei bojaboloi anisu. Gitarkhon/ Sangitar pora porohiei bojaboloi anisu. Sangitar pora/ porohiei bojaboloi anisu. Porohiei/ bojaboloi anisu. Bojaboloi/ anisu. Again, if the sentence is divided as per the subject and predicate, it will be like this- 2567 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 09, 2020 Sentence no. 2 (Nepali)- Mā euta gitar Sangitabaat hiju bajaun laye. On choosing the proximity of the sentence, it will be like this- Mā/ euta gitar Sangitabaat hiju bajaun laye. Euta gitar/ Sangitabaat hiju bajaun laye. Sangitabaat/ hiju bajaun laye. Hiju/ bajaun laye. Bajaun/ laye. On dividing the same sentence, as per the subject and predicate, it can be shown in the following manner- 1.02.3 Generally, a sentence is formed in accordance with the rules of the construction of phrases. Such phrases of a sentence are of two types- a) Noun Phrase b) Verb Phrase For Instance- Sentence no. 1 (Assamese)- Dusto loratueaamataformutiaixorale. 2568 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 09, 2020 Sentence no. 2 (Nepali)- Sipalu chikarile euta bagh guli gorer maryu. The aforementioned sentences of both the language have become complete sentences on the merge of the noun phrase and verb phrase. 2.0. Classifications of Assamese and Nepali sentences 2.01. Classifications of Assamese sentence: An Assamese language sentence can be divided into three types based on its phrases – 2.01.1 Simple Sentence 2.01.2 Complex Sentence 2.01.3 Compound Sentence (Maral, 139) 2.01.1 Simple Sentence: Generally, an Assamese simple sentence starts with subject and the predicate follows the subject. E.g. i) Moi bhat khau (I eat rice) ii) Tumi schoololoi ketiya jaba? (When will you go to school?) 2.01.2 Complex Sentence Generally, if seen from the angle of the meaning of a complex sentence, there use to be an important sentence and this important sentence use to be dependent on another less important sentence. Such a less important sentence is associated with the important sentence through prepositions like ‘if’, ‘as’, ‘when’, ‘which’ etc. For example- i) Jodi Nayana aahe, moi bojaroloi jam (If Nayana comes, I will go to the market) 2569 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 09, 2020 ii) Jodi rati hoy, tente moi najau. (If it gets dark, I won’t go) 2.01.3 Compound Sentence: Multiple simple or complex sentences are joined through a connecting preposition to form a compound sentence. For example- Trishna ahil, taik iman log dhorile, tai nogol. (trishna came, she asked her to go with her, but she didn’t go) 2.02. Assamese sentences can be categorized into five types, based on its meaning- 2.02.1. Descriptive sentence 2.02.2. Commanding sentence 2.02.3. Interrogative sentence 2.02.4. Exclamatory sentence 2.02.5. Indicative sentence Each of these types, has its positive and negative variants- 2.02.1. Descriptive sentence Positive- Lokabadya xamuh amaar sanskritir apurugiya xompod. (The folk instruments are valuable assets of our culture) Negative- Lokabadya xamuh amaar sanskritir apurugiya xompod nohoy. (The folk instruments are no valuable assets of our culture) 2.02.2. Commanding sentence Positive- Tumi adhyaytu kailer bhitorot xekh koribo lagibo. (You will have to finish this chapter by tomorrow) Negative- Tumi adhyaytu kailer bhitorot xekh koribo nalage. (You will not have to finish this chapter by tomorrow) 2.02.3. Interrogative sentence Positive- Tumi jaba neki? (Will you go?) Negative- Tumi nujua neki? (Won’t you go?) 2.02.4. Exclamatory sentence Positive- Iss! Taar aji ei doxa hol. (Oh! This is what has happened to him today) Negative- Iss! Taar aji ei doxa hobo buli bhoba nasilu. (Oh! I never thought that this will ever happen to him) 2.02.5. Indicative sentence Positive- Bhogobane teuk kripa korok. (May God bless him) Negative- Bhogobane teuk kripa nokorile. (God did not shower his blessings on him) 2.02 Classification of sentences in Nepali language There are two types of classifications in a Nepali language sentence: 2.02.1. Based on its construction 2.02.2. Based on its functions (Nepal, 218) 2.02.1. Based on the construction of Nepali sentences, these can be divided into eight types- 2.02.1.1.