Appendix: Classification of Occupations Used in Tables 3.1–3.7, from the 1851 Census Employment Classifications: Males Agriculture, animals and fisheries Land proprietor; farmer; grazier; farmer’s, grazier’s, son, grandson, etc.; farm bailiff; agricultural labourer (outdoor); shepherd; farm servant (indoor); others connected with agriculture; woodman; others connected with arboriculture; gardener; nurseryman; others connected with horticulture; horse-dealer; groom, horsekeeper, jockey; farrier, veteri- nary surgeon; cattle, sheep, dealer, salesman; drover; gamekeeper; vermin destroyer; fisherman; others engaged about animals; cork cutter; others dealing in bark. Workshops and handicraft Hairdresser; hatter; tailor; hosier, haberdasher; hose, stocking, manu- facture; glover (material not stated); patten, clog maker; umbrella, parasol, stick maker; other providing dress; bookbinder; printer; musical instru- ment maker; engraver; others employed about pictures and engraving; employed about carving and figures; connected with shows, games, sports; medallists, die sinkers; watchmaker; philosophical instrument makers and dealers; gunsmith; others engaged in manufacture of arms; engine and machine maker; tool-maker; others connected with tools and machines; 135 136 APPENDIX saddler; whip-maker; other harness makers; wheelwright; millwright; other implement makers; soap-boiler; tallow-chandler; comb-maker; others dealing in grease, bones, etc.; fellmonger; skinner; currier; tanner; other workers in leather; dealers in feathers, quills; hair manu- facture; brush and broom maker; other workers, dealers in hair; woolstapler; stuff manufacture; carpet and rug manufacture; other workers, dealers in wool; silk manufacture; ribbon manufacture; fancy goods manufacture; other workers, dealers in silk; miller; maltster; brewer; oil and colourman; french polisher; other workers, dealers in oils, gums, etc.; sawyer; lath-maker; other wood-workers; cabinet- maker, upholsterer; turner; chair-maker; box-maker; others dealing in wood furniture; cooper; other makers of wood utensils; frame- maker; block and print cutter; other wood tool makers; basket-maker; other workers in cane, rush, straw; ropemaker; sailcloth manufacture; other workers, dealers in hemp; lace manufacture; fustian manufacture; calico, cotton, printer; calico, cotton, dyer; other workers, dealers in flax, cotton; paper-stainer; paper-hanger; other paper workers, dealers; chimney sweeper; marble mason; tobacco-pipe makers and others; other workers in glass; salt makers, dealers; water providers, dealers; workers, dealers in precious stones; goldsmith, silversmith; plater; carver, gilder; other workers in gold and silver; copper manufacture; coppersmith; other workers, dealers in copper; tinman; other workers, dealers in tin; zinc manufacture; other workers, dealers in zinc; other workers, dealers in lead; brassfounder; locksmith, bellhanger; brazier; button-maker; wire, worker, weaver; other workers, dealers in mixed metals; whitesmith; blacksmith; nail manufacture; anchor-smith; boiler- maker; ironmonger; file-maker; cutler; needle manufacture; grinder (branch undefined); other workers, dealers in iron, steel. Factory Dyer, scourer, calenderer; engaged in manufacture of chemicals; woollen cloth manufacture; fuller; worsted manufacture; flax, linen manufacture; sugar refiner; cotton manufacture; packer and presser (cotton); paper manufacture; gasworks service; earthenware manufacture; glass manu- facture; lead manufacture; white-metal manufacture; wire-maker; iron manufacture. Transport and communications Railway engine driver, stoker; others engaged in railway traffic; toll collector; coach, cab owner; livery-stable keeper; coachman (not domestic APPENDIX 137 servant) guard, postboy; carman, carrier, carter, drayman; omnibus owner, conductor, driver; others engaged in road conveyance; canal service; boat and bargemen; others connected with inland navigation; seaman; pilot; others connected with sea navigation; engaged in warehousing; others connected with storage; messenger, porter (not govt); others employed about messages; coachmaker; others connected with carriage- making; shipwright, shipbuilder; boat, barge builder; others engaged in fitting ships; road labourer; railway labourer; Mines and quarries Coal-miner; coal heaver, coal labourer; other workers in coal; stone quarrier; slate quarrier; limestone quarrier, burner; other workers in stone, clay; copper-miner; tin-miner; lead-miner; iron-miner. ‘Indefinite occupations’ Labourer (branch undefined); mechanic, manufacturer, shopman (branch undefined); others of indefinite occupations. Building Builder; carpenter, joiner; bricklayer; mason, paviour; slater; plasterer; painter, plumber, glazier; others engaged in house construction; timber merchant; other dealers, workers in timber; thatcher; brickmaker. Retail, foodstuffs and hostelries Innkeeper; lodging-house keeper; officer of charitable institution; others – boarding and lodging; house proprietor; salesman; auctioneer; commercial traveller; pawnbroker; shopkeeper; hawker, pedlar; other general merchants, dealers; cowkeeper, milkseller; cheesemonger; butcher; provision-curer; poulterer; fishmonger; others dealing in animal food; clothier; woollen draper; silkmercer; greengrocer; corn merchant; flour dealer; baker; confectioner; others dealing in vegetable food; licensed victualler, beershop keeper; wine and spirit merchant; grocer; tobacconist; others dealing in drinks, stimulants; draper; stationer; coal merchant or dealer; earthenware and glass dealer. Domestic service Domestic servant (general); domestic servant (coachman); domestic servant (groom); domestic servant (gardener); domestic servant (inn servant). 138 APPENDIX Professional, clerical and local government Post office; inland revenue; customs; other government officers; police; union relieving officer; officer of local board; other local officers; East India Service; clergyman; Protestant minister; priests and other religious teachers; barrister; solicitor; other lawyers; physician; surgeon; other medical men; parish clerk; other church officers; law clerk; law court officers and law stationers; druggist; others dealing in drugs etc.; author; editor, writer; others engaged in literature; painter (artist); architect; others engaged in the fine arts; scientific person; music-master; school- master; other teachers; merchant; banker; ship-agent; broker; agent, factor; accountant; commercial clerk; shipowner; publisher, bookseller; others engaged about publications; actor; others engaged about theatres; musician (not teacher); others connected with music; civil engineer; pattern designer; other designers and draughtsmen; surveyor. Armed forces Army officer; army half-pay officer; soldier; Chelsea Pensioner; navy officer; navy half-pay officer; seaman, RN; Greenwich pensioner; marine; others engaged in defence. Employment classifications: Females Agriculture, animals and fisheries Farmer; farmer’s, grazier’s ‘wife’; farmer’s, grazier’s daughter, grand- daughter, etc.; farm servant (indoor); agricultural labourer (outdoor); land proprietor; gardener; others connected with horticulture; engaged about animals; workers, dealers in bark; others connected with agriculture; connected with arboriculture. Workshops and handicraft Hatter; straw hat and bonnet maker; furrier; tailor; bonnet-maker; cap-maker; seamstress; shawl manufacture; staymaker; hose, stocking, manufacture; rag gatherer, cutter, dealer; glover (material not stated); shoemaker; shoemaker’s wife; umbrella, parasol, stick maker; others providing dress; employed about pictures and engravings; artificial flower- maker; others employed about carving and figures; toy maker, dealer; others connected with shows, games; medallists, die sinkers; philosophical instru- ment makers, dealers; engaged in manufacture of arms; machine makers, dealers; harness makers, dealers; implement makers, dealers; dealers in APPENDIX 139 grease, bones, etc.; dealers, workers in leather; dealers in feathers, quills; brush, broom maker; other workers, dealers in hair; knitter; stuff manu- facture; other workers, dealers in wool; silk manufacture; ribbon manufac- ture; fancy goods manufacture; embroiderer; other workers, dealers in silk; miller; dealers in oils, gums; workers in wood; cabinet-maker, upholsterer; others dealing in wood furniture; dealers in wood utensils; wood tool makers; straw plait manufacture; others working in cane, rush, straw; hemp manufacture; rope, cordmaker; other workers in hemp; thread manufacture; weaver (material not stated); lace manufacture; fustian manufacture; muslin embroiderer; calico, cotton printer; other workers in flax, cotton; other paper workers, dealers; tobacco-pipe makers and others; glass makers, workers; salt makers, dealers; water providers, dealers; workers, dealers in precious stones; workers, dealers in gold and silver; other workers, dealers in copper; workers, dealers in tin; workers, dealers in zinc; workers, dealers in lead; pin manufacture; button maker; other workers, dealers in brass & mixed metals; nail manufacture; black- smith; needle manufacture; other workers, dealers in iron, steel. Factory Dyer, scourer, calenderer; engaged in manufacture of chemicals; woollen cloth manufacture; worsted manufacture; cotton manufacture; flax, linen manufacture; lint manufacture; paper manufacture; earthenware manufacture. Transport and communications Railway attendants; toll collector; carrier, carter; others engaged in road conveyance;