Family Noctuidae Latreille, 1809 Subfamily Noctuinae Latreille, 1809 Tribe Noctuini Latreille, 1809 Th e Eugnorisma- Eugraphe generic complex Taxonomy. Th e genus Eugnorisma was erected by Boursin (1946) and Graphiphora insignata (Lederer, 1853) was designated as type species. Th e name of the genus has ancient Greek origin and expresses the cognition of this taxon (gnorisma = proof; anagnorisis = recognition). Th e species belonging to this genus previously have been mentioned mostly as Lycophotia Hübner, 1813 (partim) and Rhyacia Hübner, [1821] 1816 (partim). It belongs to the tribe Noctuini (subtribe Noctuina) (Lafontaine & Schmidt 2010) and is closely related to the genera of the “Gnorisma-complex” ( Sinognorisma Varga & Ronkay, 1987, Protogno- risma Ronkay & Varga 1999, Anagnorisma Ronkay & Varga, 1999, Schizognorisma Ronkay & Varga, 1999, Agnorisma Lafontaine, 1998, Prognorisma Lafontaine, 1998, Opigena Boisduval, 1840, Pseudohermonassa Varga, 1990 and Paramathes Boursin, 1954), but not to Protexarnis McDunnough, 1929 and Parexarnis Boursin, 1946, etc. (= Actebia Stephens, 1829), as suggested by Boursin (1946, 1954). Th is group of genera is also related with a further complex of genera characterised by a sclerotised dentate ribbon at the apex of aedeagus, as in Coenophila Stephens, 1850, Eugraphe Hübner, 1821, Goniographa Varga & Ronkay, 2002, Oligarcha Varga, Ronkay & Gyulai, 1995, Paradiarsia McDunnough, 1929, Protolampra McDunnough, 1929, etc. Ammogrotis Staudinger, 1895 shows also some similar characters of male genitalia; however with presence of small plesiomorphic clavus which is exceptional in the subtribe Noctuina. Lafontaine (1998: 20–21) discussed the taxonomic relationships of Noctuini/ Noctuina genera and essentially confi rmed these results. He outlined 9 larger, probably monophyletic “generic groups” of Noctuina, based on numerous imaginal and larval characters. Th e group (8), called “Abagrotis group” consists of 10 Nearctic/Holarctic genera: Abagrotis Smith, 1890, Adelphagrotis Smith, 1890, Agnorisma, Parabagrotis Lafontaine, 1998, Prognorisma, Pronoctua Smith, 1894, Protolampra, Pseudohermonassa, Setagrotis Smith, 1890 and Tesagrotis Lafontaine, 1998. It was also mentioned that the Palaearctic Eugnorisma and Sinognorisma (latter genus as an “autapomorphic Eugnorisma”) should belong to the same generic group. Two new genera ( Prognorisma and Agnorisma) have been erected and described by him, and this large and obviously rather heterogenous group has been subdivided (Lafontaine 1998: 171–172). Agnorisma, Eugnorisma, Protognorisma, Anagnorisma, Prognorisma, Pseudohermonassa and Sinognorisma are characterised by having a “fi eld of spines at the apex of the aedoeagus” (i.e. ca- rina) that does not extend onto the vesica. Th us, they have been separated from the sixth and seventh group of genera consisting inter alia of Adelphagrotis, Coenophila, Eugraphe, Graphiphora, Parabagro- 18 A TAXONOMIC ATLAS OF THE EURASIAN AND NORTH AFRICAN NOCTUOIDEA tis and Setagrotis in which a narrow, ribbon-like, eversible carinal bar (“spine band”) is extending from the apex of the aedeagus onto the basal part of the vesica, similarly to Xestia Hübner, 1818 and other related genera. Surprisingly, the monotypic genus Oligarcha which was associated with Eugnorisma , also shows this obviously plesiomorphic character (see its presence in Diarsia), though in a specially modifi ed confi guration. Interestingly, in Paramathes both character states, the dentate sclerotised plate and the ribbon-like extension, are combined. In the diverse genus Spaelotis a special trend of modifi ca- tion of this structure can be observed, namely the separation of the distal part of the spine band as a subbasal cornutus or group of cornuti in the vesica. Th e most relevant taxonomical characters mentioned by Lafontaine (1998) are briefl y summarized below, with some comments concerning their taxonomical evaluation. – In Eugnorisma and closely related genera the fi eld of spines on the heavily sclerotised lamina of the carina (“apex of the aedeagus” sensu Lafontaine) is not “ribbon-like” and does not extend ventrally onto the vesica, as opposed to Xestia s.l., Coenophila, Eugraphe, Oligarcha, Ammogrotis, Paradiarsia and Protolampra, etc. However, it may be apparently reduced to a convex, bulbous sclerotisation ( Anagnorisma goniophora and A. zakaria) or strongly reduced ( Eugnorisma trigonica-group), may appear at the ventral surface as a single thorn (E. chaldaica, E. kristenseni and E. spodia), a hooked, fl attened crest (Schizognorisma fuscisignata, S. rhodostola) or may be strongly prolonged apically, projecting inwards the basal part of the vesica (e.g. in certain Eugnorisma and Protognorisma species). –Th e vesica is projecting ventrally (as in many other related genera, which is probably only a symplesio- morphy), but it may project dorsally just within a compact species-group as the E. chaldaica-group, where the three species have ventral tooth at the end of aedeagus, or projecting dorso-laterally in Schizognorisma where the hooked process is situated ventro-laterally. – In Eugnorisma there are some shared characters of the vesica, e.g.: (i) Th e large proximal diverticulum of the vesica with fi ne apical, not bulbed cornutus (contrasting, e.g. to Eugraphe sigma, furthermore Goniographa spp. as G. marcida, G. decussa, G. funkei and their sibling species, but also Miniphila miniago and M. persago, with bulbed cornutus on a rather short di- verticulum, near to the corpus of vesica). Based on this character, the Central Asiatic Goniographa taxa seem to be more closely related to E. sigma (also strictly Palaearctic!) than to the Holarctic Coenophila. (ii) Th e distal, more or less saccate spinulose fi eld is close to the ductus ejaculatorius which is present also in Protognorisma but may be lacking in some species-groups and most of the related genera. – It seems to be a general trend that the distal spinulose fi eld of the vesica is lacking in those Noctuini groups in which the ventral, ribbon-like dentate sclerotisation of carina extends onto the ventrally pro- jected vesica. In those groups, which share the ribbon-like dentate sclerotisation onto the vesica, e.g. Paradiarsia, Coenophila, Eugraphe, Spaelotis, etc., also Xestia s. l., the lack of the spinulose fi eld gener- ally appear as a plesiomorphic character, while in the other generic group, in which the carina shows the “ Eugnorisma”-type but they do not have the distal spinulose fi eld of vesica, this latter structure may be secondarily reduced, as in Anagnorisma and Schizognorisma and also in the subgenus Metagnorisma of Eugnorisma. Th ese characters obviously correlate with the diff erent “technics” of copulation. –Th ere is a “subapical process” (pseudopollex) on the ventral margin of the valva, which is derived from the “ventral angle of the valva” and is not homologous with the pollex of Xestia which is a ventral extension originating from the sclerotised base of the harpe (“clasper” in Lafontaine) that projects below the ventral margin of the valva. Th is pseudopollex of the Eugnorisma-group possibly repre- sents a modifi ed saccular extension, derived from the distal end of the sacculus (see Protognorisma, Schizognorisma and Anagnorisma ). Th is is mostly evident in Schizognorisma, recognizable also in Anagnorisma and in a few other species of Eugnorisma. Furthermore, the scale-like vestiture of the pseudopollex is a synapomorphy of the insignata-group and the trigonica-group in Eugnorisma s. str. and it can be considered as subgeneric character of Eugnorisma s. str. On the other hand, species of the subgenus Metagnorisma do not have any pollex-like valval extension ventrally but have a poste- rior extension of the harpe (clasper) as in Prognorisma , although it is connected to the inner surface of the valva. Th e pollex or any pollex-like extension can also be reduced in several genera, inter alia in the diverse genus Spaelotis but also in the oligotypic Pseudohermonassa and Graphiphora and in the monotypic Ammogrotis and Oligarcha as a homoplasy. VOLUME 8. VARGA, Z., RONKAY, G., RONKAY, L. & GYULAI, P.: NOCTUINAE II. 19 Other characters used for the characterization of the genera of this complex: –Th e third segment of the labial palpus: it is smooth in Eugnorisma and Pseudohermonassa, while Prognorisma and Agnorisma have a ventral tuft on it; in addition, one of the species of Schizognorisma ( rhodostola) has well-developed ventral tuft on third segment, while the other one (S. fuscisignata) has it but smoothly scaled. Th e scaled second segment of Eugnorisma, Schizognorisma, Anagnorisma, Protognorisma and Metagnorisma is characteristically axe-shaped, only its width is variable, while the segment is elongate in Oligarcha and Ammogrotis, with more or less parallel dorsal and ventral margin. In Spaelotis the labial palpus has broad spatulate scales laterally, and longer scales ventrally forming fringe but without apical tuft. –Th e shape of the uncus and its tip is apically fl attened in Agnorisma , but it is fl at, straplike in Prognoris- ma; and various in Eugnorisma. Th is character shows diff erent states even by very closely related spe- cies, e.g. Eugnorisma insignata and E. conformis. Obviously, it may be useful for the characterisation of certain supraspecifi c taxa but it is probably without any phylogenetic signifi cance, due to homoplasic changes (fl attened apex) in diff erent genera and species-groups (e.g. Goniographa , Spaelotis). –Th e presence of signa