CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN “ISLAMIC DEMOCRACIES”: MILITARY INTERVENTION & WITHDRAWAL IN ALGERIA, PAKISTAN, & TURKEY By PAUL ERNEST LENZE, JR. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Political Science MAY 2011 © Copyright by PAUL ERNEST LENZE, JR., 2011 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by PAUL ERNEST LENZE, JR. All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of PAUL ERNEST LENZE, JR. find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Thomas Preston, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Martha L. Cottam, Ph.D. ___________________________________ David Nice, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who made the completion of this dissertation possible. I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Tom Preston, Dr. Martha Cottam and Dr. David Nice, for their mentorship and support throughout my time at WSU. Each tremendous teachers in their own right, I am better for the 5 ½ years I spent learning from them. At Washington State University a number of people helped get me through the graduate school experience and dissertation writing. I want to thank Glen Smith, Joy Smith, Joe Huseby, Bruno Baltodano, Jeff Rosky, Ryan McMahon, Pete and Sancheen Collins, McKinnon Wilkes, Stacy Olsen-Wilkes, Andrew Thomas, Anjie Thomas, Liz Wright, Ryan Wright, Jenna Balberg, Lisa Quick, Hans Lindhardt, Kolleen Horton, Corrinne Johnson, Amber Robinson, Rachel Brusati, Clare Cady, Christy Crudo, Katie Searles, John Nickerson, Aaron Ley, Kimberly Bari, Brad Wazaney, Diane Wallman, Liz Bodine, Tasha Kunzi, Jeff Smith, Bethany Works, Micheal Seraphin and the Sports Page. Thanks to Nick Lovrich for being a great teacher and someone who was always there to listen and offer advice when needed. Diane Berger and Bonnie Kemper in the Department of Political Science provided invaluable assistance. A very special thanks to Michael Infranco, who never failed to offer encouragement and the support I (sometimes) needed to get this done. Michael, “You’re the Man!” I spent the last year and a half at the University of San Diego teaching and writing the bulk of this dissertation. Thank you to Del Dickson for bringing me on and to Noelle Norton for keeping me around. My students in “International Relations of the Middle East” discussed this project in its early stages and wrote papers that helped sharpen my arguments and this work is better as a result. Thanks to Laura Nunn and Kari DeLongpre for their administrative help and good humor. Santana’s kept me going many a night with their burritos. Since my time as a iii graduate student at USD, Randy Willoughby taught me a great deal and I thank him for his continued support over the years. Thanks also to Pete Peterson for kindly looking over a draft and letting me share the office with him. Most importantly, I want to thank Mike Williams. Mike is a wonderful teacher, mentor, and friend and I would not be where I am today without his generosity and support. Finally, this dissertation would not have been completed without the love and support of my friends in Seattle, Los Angeles, and San Diego—Ross Caldwell, Wil Figueroa, Dan Ball, Jessica Moore, Joe Mullenix, Jess Farwell, Julie Beard, Justin Hopkins, Sara Hopkins, Cyndi Salsman, Adriane Stocking, Nisha Marvel, Luke Marvel, Sheena Kriekenbeek, Jeff James, Padraic Jordan, Justin Taft, Crystal Sturm, Ryan Dobosh, Kelly Conway, Mark Jackson, Eric Breshears, Jenny Jamin, Gibson and Mary Magill, Eric Green, and Rob Howard. Thank you to the Lenze, Horan, and Guempel families for their love and support. I owe a special debt to Gene and Judy Horan & George and Augusta Guempel for giving me a home away from home when I needed to get out of Pullman. To my cousins Bridget Parkill, Carmen Gray, George Guempel and John Guempel thank you for all the good times and looking out for me during my “college years”. Thanks to my sister, Jennifer, and my nephew, Dylan, for their love, support, and always asking if I was done yet. My greatest debt goes to my parents, Paul & Mary Lenze, who taught me how life should be lived and whose emotional and fiscal stimulus were always there when I needed it most. I can now, happily, say that this “paper” is done. iv CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN “ISLAMIC DEMOCRACIES”: MILITARY INTERVENTION & WITHDRAWAL IN ALGERIA, PAKISTAN, & TURKEY Abstract by Paul Ernest Lenze, Jr., Ph.D. Washington State University May 2011 Chair: Thomas Preston This dissertation examines civil-military relations in Algeria, Pakistan and Turkey, specifically how military interventions and withdrawals have occurred in these three states. The major questions this project seeks to answer are: why do militaries intervene in politics and why do militaries return to the barracks? These states' militaries use nationalism to justify their interventions in politics while ensuring that withdrawal only occurs if national identity is protected. Nationalism, for the Algerian, Pakistani and Turkish militaries, is used to paper over the ethnic and linguistic differences of regional groups within the state. The use of nationalism by the military is not used to strengthen the Algerian, Pakistani and Turkish nation-state; instead, it strengthens the Algerian, Pakistani and Turkish praetorian state. Using Preston and ‘t Hart’s (1999) bureau-political framework, this study builds upon Schiff’s (1996; 2009) concordance theory to measure the level of conflict in the civil-military relationships of Algeria, Pakistan and Turkey. Through a comparison of politicians, the military and society in these states, this dissertation seeks to build mid-range theory to improve our understanding of the persistence of military involvement in politics and enduring authoritarianism in the Middle East and South Asia. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 Civil-Military Relations in the Developing World..…………............................................................................................................ 3 21st Century Nation-Building…………………………………………………………..4 Plan of the Dissertation………………………………………………………………...4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 6 Military Withdrawal from Politics…………………………………………………….10 Military Intervention and Withdrawal in the Middle East…………………………….12 Concordance Theory…………………………………………………………………..15 Strengthening Concordance: Bureaupolitics as a Measure……………………………18 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..23 3. METHODS.........................................................................................................................25 Conceptual Framework and Definitions…………………………………………...…..25 Methods………………………………………………………………………………..29 Design and Structure…………………………………………………………………..30 Selection of Appropriate Cases………………………………………………………..34 Algeria…………………………………………………………………………………35 Pakistan…………………………………………………………………………….......39 Turkey………………………………………………………………………………….43 vi General Questions to be Asked………………………………………………………...47 4. CASE STUDY: ALGERIA………………………………………………………………49 Algerian Identity and Nationalism……………………………………………………..50 Algeria Pre-Independence, 1936-1952…………………………………………………54 Algeria’s War of Independence, 1954-1962……………………………………………58 Post-Independence Algeria and Ahmed Ben Bella, 1962-1965………………………...68 Henri Boumedienne, 1965-1978………………………………………………………..76 Chadli Benjedid, 1978-1991………………………………………………………….…82 January 11, 1992 Coup…………………………………………………………………..91 Algerian Civil War, 1993-1998………………………………………………………….95 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...…109 5. CASE STUDY: PAKISTAN……………………………………………………………...111 Pakistani Identiy and Nationalism………………………………………………………112 The Pakistani Army……………………………………………………………………..114 Independent Pakistan, 1947-1958……………………………………………………….115 Ayub Khan, 1958-1969………………………………………………………………….132 Yahya Khan, 1969-1971…………………………………………………………………140 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, 1971-1977………………………………………………………….149 Zia ul-Haq, 1977-1988…………………………………………………………………...159 The “Democratic Period”, 1988-1999…………………………………………………....169 Pervez Musharraf, 1999-2008……………………………………………………………185 Asif Ali Zardari, 2008-Present…………………………………………………………...193 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..195 vii 6. CASE STUDY: TURKEY…………………………………………………………………197 Founding of the Turkish Republic and Kemalism……………………………………….198 Turkish Military in Society………………………………………………………………204 One Party Rule: The Republican People’s Party, 1925-1945……………………………211 Turkey After Ataturk: Multi-Party Politics, 1945-1960………………………………….216 The Transitition to Democracy, 1945-1950………………………………………..216 The Democrat Government and the Army, 1950-1960…………………………….221 The 1960 Coup and Interim Rule, 1960-1961……………………………………………226 1971 Coup by Memorandum……………………………………………………………..241 1980 Coup………………………………………………………………………………..249 The Third Turkish Republic, 1983-1997…………………………………………………259 1997 Coup by Memorandum…………………………………………………………….275 Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Military, 2002-Present………………….280 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..289