COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT Working Paper #43 Romania and the Warsaw Pact: 1955-1989 By: Dennis Deletant and Mihail Ionescu Translations by Viorel Buda, Cornel Ban, and Mircea Munteanu April 2004 COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 11 Cold War International History Project he Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) was established at the Woodrow Wilson TInternational Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., in 1991 with the help of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and receives major support from the MacArthur Foundation athe Korea Foundation, the Henry Luce Foundation and the Andrew Mellon Foundation. The Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives on Cold War history emerging Lee H. Hamilton, in particular from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side”—the former Communist bloc— Director and President through publications, fellowships, and scholarly meetings and conferences. The Director of the Cold War International History Project is Christian F. Ostermann. Within the Wilson Center, CWIHP is under the Division of International Studies, headed by Dr. Robert S. Litwak. CWIHP is overseen BOARD OF T RUSTEES by an advisory committee chaired by Prof. William Taubman (Amherst College) and consisting of Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chairman Michael Beschloss; Dr. James Billington (Librarian of Congress); Prof. Warren I. Cohen (University David A. Metzner, Vice Chairman of Maryland-Baltimore); Prof. John Lewis Gaddis (Yale University); Prof. James G. Hershberg (George Washington University); Dr. Samuel F. Wells, Jr. ( Woodrow Wilson Center); and Prof. Sharon Wolchik (George Washington University). Readers are invited to submit articles, documents, PUBLIC M EMBERS: letters, and other items to the Bulletin. Publication of articles does not constitute CWIHP’s The Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, The endorsement of authors’ views. Copies are available free upon request, or can be downloaded at Librarian of Congress James H. Billington, The cwihp.si.edu. Archivist of the United States John W. Carlin, The Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities William R. Ferris, The Submissions blurb here Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Lawrence M. Small, The Secretary of Cold War International History Project Bulletin Education Roderick R. Paige, The Secretary Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of Health & Human Services Tommy G. One Woodrow Wilson Plaza Thompson. 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20523 PRIVATE C ITIZEN M EMBERS: Tel.: (202) 691-4110 Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Carol Cartwright, Fax: (202) 691-4184 Donald E. Garcia, Bruce S. Gelb, Daniel L. Lamaute, Tamala L. Longaberger, Thomas R. Reedy THE W ILSON C OUNCIL PRESDENT, Bruce S. Gelb Diane Aboulafia-D’Jaen, Elias F. Aburdene, Charles S. Ackerman, B.B. Andersen, Russell Anmuth, Cyrus A. Ansary, Lawrence E. Bathgate II, Theresa Behrendt, John Beinecke, Joseph C. Bell, Steven Alan Bennett, Rudy Boschwitz, A. Oakley Brooks, Donald A. Brown, Melva Bucksbaum, Conrad Cafritz, Nicola L. Caiola, Scott Carter, Albert V. Casey, Mark Chandler, Peter B. Clark, Melvin Cohen, William T. Coleman, Jr., David M. Crawford, Jr., Michael D. DiGiacomo, Beth Dozoretz, Sheldon Drobny, F. Samuel Eberts III, I. Steven Edelson, J. David Eller, Mark Epstein, Melvyn J. Estrin, Sim Farar, Susan R. Farber, Roger Felberbaum, Joseph H. Flom, John H. Foster, Charles Fox, Barbara Hackman Franklin, Norman Freidkin, John H. French, II, Morton Funger, Gregory M. Gallo, Chris G. Gardiner, Gordon D. Giffin, Steven J. Gilbert, Alma Gildenhorn, David F. Girard-diCarlo, Michael B. Goldberg, Roy M. Goodman, Gretchen Meister Gorog, William E. Grayson, Ronald Greenberg, Raymond A. Guenter, Cheryl F. Halpern, Edward L. Hardin, Jr., Jean L. Hennessey, Eric Hotung, John L. Howard, Darrell E. Issa, Jerry Jasinowski, Brenda LaGrange Johnson, Shelly Kamins, James M. Kaufman, Edward W. Kelley, Jr., Anastasia D. Kelly, Christopher J. Kennan, Willem Kooyker, Steven Kotler, Paul Kranhold, William H. Kremer, Raymond Learsy, Abbe Lane Leff, Perry Leff, Dennis A. LeVett, Francine Gordon Levinson, Harold O. Levy, David Link, Frederic V. Malek, David S. Mandel, John P. Manning, Jeffrey A. Marcus, John Mason, Jay Mazur, Robert McCarthy, Linda McCausland, Stephen G. McConahey, Donald F. McLellan, Charles McVean, J. Kenneth Menges, Jr., Philip Merrill, Kathryn Mosbacher, Jeremiah L. Murphy, Martha T. Muse, Della M. Newman, John E. Osborn, Paul Hae Park, Gerald L. Parsky, Michael J. Polenske, Donald Robert Quartel, Jr., J. John L. Richardson, Margaret Milner Richardson, Larry D. Richman, Carlyn Ring, Edwin Robbins, Robert G. Rogers, Otto Ruesch, Juan A. Sabater, B. Francis Saul, III, Alan M. Schwartz, Timothy R. Scully, J. Michael Shepherd, George P. Shultz, Raja W. Sidawi, Kenneth Siegel, Ron Silver, William A. Slaughter, James H. Small, Shawn Smeallie, Gordon V. Smith, Thomas F. Stephenson, Norman Kline Tiefel, Mark C. Treanor, Anthony G. Viscogliosi, Christine M. Warnke, Ruth Westheimer, Pete Wilson, Deborah Wince-Smith, Herbert S. Winokur, Jr., Paul Martin Wolff, Joseph Zappala, Richard S. Ziman, Nancy M. Zirkin THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES CHRISTIAN F. OSTERMANN, Series Editor This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side” of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. The project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to accelerate the process of integrating new sources, materials and perspectives from the former “Communist bloc” with the historiography of the Cold War which has been written over the past few decades largely by Western scholars reliant on Western archival sources. It also seeks to transcend barriers of language, geography, and regional specialization to create new links among scholars interested in Cold War history. Among the activities undertaken by the project to promote this aim are a periodic BULLETIN to disseminate new findings, views, and activities pertaining to Cold War history; a fellowship program for young historians from the former Communist bloc to conduct archival research and study Cold War history in the United States; international scholarly meetings, conferences, and seminars; and publications. The CWIHP Working Paper Series is designed to provide a speedy publications outlet for historians associated with the project who have gained access to newly-available archives and sources and would like to share their results. We especially welcome submissions by junior scholars from the former Communist bloc who have done research in their countries’ archives and are looking to introduce their findings to a Western audience. As a non-partisan institute of scholarly study, the Woodrow Wilson Center takes no position on the historical interpretations and opinions offered by the authors. Those interested in receiving copies of the Cold War International History Project Bulletin or any of the Working Papers should contact: Cold War International History Project Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Ave, NW Washington, DC 20523 Telephone: (202) 691-4110 Fax: (202) 691-4001 Email: [email protected] CWIHP Web Page: http://cwihp.si.edu i COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPERS SERIES Christian F. Ostermann, Series Editor #1 Chen Jian, “The Sino-Soviet Alliance and China’s Entry into the Korean War” #2 P.J. Simmons, “Archival Research on the Cold War Era: A Report from Budapest, Prague and Warsaw” #3 James Richter, “Reexamining Soviet Policy Towards Germany during the Beria Interregnum” #4 Vladislav M. Zubok, “Soviet Intelligence and the Cold War: The ‘Small’ Committee of Information, 1952- 53” #5 Hope M. Harrison, “Ulbricht and the Concrete ‘Rose’: New Archival Evidence on the Dynamics of Soviet- East German Relations and the Berlin Crisis, 1958-61” #6 Vladislav M. Zubok, “Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958-62)” #7 Mark Bradley and Robert K. Brigham, “Vietnamese Archives and Scholarship on the Cold War Period: Two Reports” #8 Kathryn Weathersby, “Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945-50: New Evidence From Russian Archives” #9 Scott D. Parrish and Mikhail M. Narinsky, “New Evidence on the Soviet Rejection of the Marshall Plan, 1947: Two Reports” #10 Norman M. Naimark, “‘To Know Everything and To Report Everything Worth Knowing’: Building the East German Police State, 1945-49” #11 Christian F. Ostermann, “The United States, the East German Uprising of 1953, and the Limits of Rollback” #12 Brian Murray, “Stalin, the Cold War, and the Division of China: A Multi-Archival Mystery” #13 Vladimir O. Pechatnov, “The Big Three After World War II: New Documents on Soviet Thinking about Post-War Relations with the United States and Great Britain” #14 Ruud van Dijk, “The 1952 Stalin Note Debate: Myth or Missed Opportunity for German Unification?” #15 Natalia I. Yegorova, “The ‘Iran Crisis’ of 1945-46: