A Comprehensive Guide to Contemporary Usage MASAHIRO TANIMORI ERIKO SATO TUTTLE Publishing Tokyo | Rutland, Vermont | Singapore The Tuttle Story: “Books to Span the East and West” Most people are surprised to learn that the world’s largest publisher of books on Asia had its beginnings in the tiny American state of Vermont. The company’s founder, Charles E. Tuttle, belonged to a New England family steeped in publishing. And his first love was naturally books—especially old and rare editions. Immediately after WW II, serving in Tokyo under General Douglas MacArthur, Tuttle was tasked with reviving the Japanese publishing industry, and founded the Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Company, which thrives today as one of the world’s leading independent publishers. Though a westerner, Charles was hugely instrumental in bringing knowledge of Japan and Asia to a world hungry for information about the East. By the time of his death in 1993, Tuttle had published over 6,000 books on Asian culture, history and art —a legacy honored by the Japanese emperor with the “Order of the Sacred Treasure,” the highest tribute Japan can bestow upon a non-Japanese. With a backlist of 1,500 titles, Tuttle Publishing is more active today than at any time in its past—inspired by Charles’ core mission to publish fine books to span the East and West and provide a greater understanding of each. Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. www.tuttlepublishing.com Copyright © 2012 by Masahiro Tanimori All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tanimori, Masahiro, 1958– Essential Japanese grammar : a comprehensive guide to contemporary usage / Masahiro Tanimori, Eriko Sato. p. cm. ISBN: 978-1-46291-009-0 (ebook) 1. Japanese language—Grammar. 2. Japanese language—Textbooks for foreign speakers — English. 3. Japanese language—Self-instruction. I. Sato, Eriko, 1962– II. Title. PL685.T365 2011 495.6’82421—dc23 2011019340 Distributed by North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 U.S.A. Tel: 1 (802) 773-8930; Fax: 1 (802) 773-6993 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tuttlepublishing.com Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building, 3rd Floor, 5-4-12 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 0032 Tel: (81) 3 5437-0171; Fax: (81) 3 5437-0755 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tuttle.co.jp Asia Pacific Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 61 Tai Seng Avenue #02-12, Singapore 534167 Tel: (65) 6280-1330; Fax: (65) 6280-6290 Email: [email protected] Web: www.periplus.com First edition 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1111MP Printed in Singapore TUTTLE PUBLISHING® is a registered trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. CONTENTS PREFACE PART ONE JAPANESE GRAMMAR: AN OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION Word order and particles Verb morphology Counters Honorifics ACCENTS 1. High-Low pattern 2. Low-High pattern 3. Low-High-Low pattern ADJECTIVAL NOUNS 1. Used as noun modifiers 2. Used as predicates 3. Followed by a predicative phrase 4. Used as nouns 5. Used as adverbs 6. Used as a complement 7. Additional types of adjectival nouns ADJECTIVES 1. Dictionary form 2. Ku-form 3. Nai-form 4. Ta-form 5. Te-form 6. Ba-form 7. Tara-form 8. Root ADVERBS 1. Adjective root + ku 2. (Adjectival) nouns 3. Adjectival nouns + ni 4. Mimetic words and onomatopoeias 5. Additional types of adverbs AUXILIARY VERBS & ADJECTIVES 1. Auxiliary verbs 2. Auxiliary adjectives CLAUSES I. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES 1. Relative clauses 2. Noun complement clauses II. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES III. QUOTATION CLAUSES 1. Declarative quotation clauses 2. Interrogative quotation clauses IV. NOMINALIZED CLAUSES COMPARISONS 1. Comparatives 2. Superlatives 3. Equivalent degree comparison CONDITIONALS 1. To 2. Tara 3. Ba 4. Nara CONJOINING 1. Conjunctional particles for nouns and nominalized verbs 2 Te-forms 3. Combining forms 4. Conjunctional particles for clauses 5. Sentence-conjunctional words DEMONSTRATIVES HONORIFICS I. FOR NOUNS 1. The prefixes o and go 2. Honorific suffixes san and sama 3. Honorific pronouns and interrogatives II. FOR ADJECTIVAL NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES III. FOR VERBS 1. (R)areru (respectful) 2. O/go . suru (humble) 3. O/go . nasaru/ni naru/ desu (respectful) 4. Honorific verbs INTERROGATIVES I. INTERROGATIVES USED IN CONTENT QUESTIONS II. INTERROGATIVES USED IN INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 1. Interrogative + ka (some/any) 2. Interrogative + mo + . nai (no) 3. Interrogative + mo (every/all) 4. Interrogative + demo (free-choice ‘any’) LINKING VERB (DA/DESU ) NUMBERS & COUNTERS NOUNS 1. Proper nouns 2. Common nouns 3. Nouns created from verbs 4. Nouns created from adjectives 5. Compound nouns 6. Personal pronouns 7. Demonstrative pronouns (→ See Demonstratives.) PARTICLES I. PARTICLE TYPES 1. Case particles 2. Focus particles 3. Conjunctional particles 4. Sentence-final particles II. ENGLISH PREPOSITION EQUIVALENTS 1. About 2. Above 3. Across 4. After 5. Along 6. Among 7. Around 8. At 9. Before 10. Behind 11. Below 12. Beside 13. Besides 14. Between 15. By 16. During 17. Except 18. For 19. From 20. In 21. Into 22. Near 23. Of 24. On 25. Onto 26. Over 27. Since 28. Through 29. Throughout 30. To 31. Toward 32. Under 33. Until 34. With 35. Within 36. Without PREDICATIVE PHRASES QUESTIONS 1. Yes-no questions 2. Content questions 3. Embedded questions REQUESTS VERBS I. CONJUGATION CLASSES 1 Ru-Verbs 2 U-Verbs 3. Irregular Verbs II. VERB FORMS 1. Dictionary form 2 Nai-form 3. Combining form (Pre-masu form) 4 Masu-form 5 Te-form 6 Ta-form 7 Ba-form 8 Tara-form 9. Potential form 10. Passive form 11. Respectful form 12. Command form 13. Volitional form 14. Causative form 15. Causative passive form III. VERB TYPES 1. Transitive and intransitive verbs 2. Verbs of giving and receiving 3. Spontaneous-Potential verbs 4 Suru-verbs IV. VERB TENSE PART TWO DICTIONARY OF USAGE achira あちら → See are ageru あげる [AUXILIARY VERB] ageru あげる [VERB] aida 間 [NOUN] aikawarazu あいかわらず [ADVERB] amari あまり [ADJECTIVAL NOUN] amari あまり [ADVERB] angai 案外 [ADVERB] an no jō 案の定 [ADVERB] ano あの → See are arakajime あらかじめ [ADVERB] are あれ [DEMONSTRATIVE] arimasen ありません [POLITE NEGATIVE VERB] arimasu あります → See aru [VERB]. aru ある [AUXILIARY VERB] aru ある(或る) [PREFIX] aru ある [VERB] aruiwa あるいは(或いは) [CONJUNCTION/ADVERB] asoko あそこ → See are. ato 後 [NOUN] au 合う [AUXILIARY VERB] ba ば [PARTICLE] ba . hodo ば . ほど [ADVERBIAL PHRASE] bāi 場合 [NOUN] bakari ばかり [PARTICLE] ban 番 [NOUN] ban 番 [SUFFIX] beki da べきだ [PREDICATIVE PHRASE] bun 分 [NOUN] cha ちゃ (ja じゃ) [CONTRACTION] chau ちゃう (jau じゃう) [CONTRACTION] chittomo ちっとも [ADVERB] chō 超 [PREFIX] chōdai ちょうだい(頂戴) [VERB] chōdo ちょうど [ADVERB] chokugo 直後 [NOUN] chokuzen 直前 [NOUN] chotto ちょっと [ADVERB] chū ni 中に [ADVERBIAL PHRASE] da だ [LINKING VERB] daga だが [CONJUNCTION] dakara だから [CONJUNCTION] dake だけ [PARTICLE] dakedo だけど [CONJUNCTION] dare だれ [INTERROGATIVE] darō だろう [LINKING VERB OF CONJECTURE] dasu 出す [AUXILIARY VERB] datte だって [CONJUNCTION] datte だって [PARTICLE] de で [PARTICLE] de aru である [(WRITTEN STYLE) LINKING VERB] dekiru できる [VERB] demo でも [CONJUNCTION] demo でも [PARTICLE] deshō でしょう → See darō. desu です → See da. dewa では [CONJUNCTION] dewa では [DOUBLE PARTICLE] dō どう [INTERROGATIVE] dochira どちら [INTERROGATIVE] doko どこ [INTERROGATIVE] dokoro de(wa) nai どころで(は) ない [PRED. PHR.] dokoro ka どころか [PHRASE] dōmo どうも [ADVERB] donna どんな [INTERROGATIVE] dono どの → See dore. dono kurai どのくらい [INTERROGATIVE] dore どれ [INTERROGATIVE] dōshite どうして [INTERROGATIVE] dōshitemo どうしても [ADVERB] dōzo どうぞ [ADVERB] e へ [PARTICLE] fu 不 [PREFIX] ga が [PARTICLE] garu がる [ADJECTIVE SUFFIX] go ご(御) [PREFIX] goro 頃 [SUFFIX] gurai ぐらい → See kurai. hajimeru 始める [AUXILIARY VERB] hajimete はじめて [ADVERB] han 半 [NOUN] han 反 [PREFIX] hazu da はずだ [PREDICATIVE PHRASE] hazu ga nai はずがない [PRED. P.] → See hazu da. hō 方 [NOUN] hodo ほど [PARTICLE] hō ga ii 方がいい [PRED. P.] hoka ほか [NOUN] hoka nai ほかない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE] hoshii 欲しい [ADJECTIVE] hoshii 欲しい [AUXILIARY ADJECTIVE] hotondo ほとんど [ADVERB] ichiban いちばん [ADVERB] igai 以外 [NOUN] igo 以後 [NOUN] ijō 以上 [NOUN] ikenai いけない [ADJECTIVE] ikō 以降 [NOUN] iku いく [AUXILIARY VERB] ikura . temo/demo いくら…ても/でも [ADV.P] inai 以内 [NOUN] irai 以来 [CONJUNCTION] irassharu いらっしゃる [AUXILIARY VERB] irassharu いらっしゃる [VERB] iru いる [AUXILIARY VERB] iru いる [VERB] isshoni 一緒に [ADVERB] itadaku いただく [AUXILIARY VERB] itadaku いただく [VERB] itsu いつ [INTERROGATIVE] ittan いったん [ADVERB] ja (jā) じゃ（じゃあ） [CONJ.] → See dewa. ja じゃ [CONTRACTION] jū 中 [NOUN] ka か [PARTICLE] kagiri 限り [NOUN] kakeru かける [AUXILIARY VERB] kamawanai かまわない [ADJECTIVE] kamoshirenai かもしれない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE] kana かな [PARTICLE] kanarazushimo 必ずしも [ADVERB] kara から [PARTICLE] kashira かしら → See kana. kata 方 [NOUN] kawari ni 代わりに [ADVERBIAL PHRASE] kekka 結果 [NOUN/CONJUNCTION] kekkō 結構 [ADJECTIVAL NOUN] keredo(mo) けれど(も) [CONJUNCTION] kesshite 決して [ADVERB] koko ここ → See kore komu 込む [AUXILIARY VERB] kore これ [DEMONSTRATIVE] koso こそ [PARTICLE] koto こと [NOUN and NOMINALIZER] koto ga aru ことがある [PREDICATIVE PHRASE] koto ga dekiru ことができる [PREDICATIVE PHRASE] koto ni naru ことになる [PREDICATIVE PHRASE] koto ni suru ことにする [PREDICATIVE PHRASE] kudasai ください [AUXILIARY VERB] kudasaru くださる [AUXILIARY VERB] kudasaru くださる [VERB] kurai くらい [PARTICLE] kureru くれる [AUXILIARY VERB] kureru くれる [VERB] kuru くる [AUXILIARY VERB] kuse ni くせに [ADVERBIAL