Proceedings W099 - Special Track 18th CIB World Building Congress May 2010 Salford, United Kingdom CIB W099 - Safety and Health in Construction CIB Publication 357 CIB WORKING COMMISSION W099 ‐ SAFETY AND HEALTH IN CONSTRUCTION PAPERS AND POSTGRADUATE PAPERS FROM THE SPECIAL TRACK HELD AT THE CIB WORLD BUILDING CONGRESS 2010, 10‐13 MAY 2010 THE LOWRY, SALFORD QUAYS, UNITED KINGDOM Selected papers from the Proceedings of the 18th CIB World Building Congress. Proceedings edited by: Professor Peter Barrett, Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga, Dr. Richard Haigh, Dr. Kaushal Keraminiyage and Dr. Chaminda Pathirage W099 Special Track Papers (excluding Postgraduate Papers) reviewed by: Alistair Gibb, Billy Hare, Charlotte Brace, John Gambatese, Helen Lingard, Jeff Lew, Mayca Rubio and Phil Bust CIB Publication 357 W099 ‐ SAFETY AND HEALTH IN CONSTRUCTION PAPERS AND POSTGRADUATE PAPERS FROM THE SPECIAL TRACK The Commission is committed to the advancement of safety and health of construction workers. The tools necessary to accomplish this end include designing, preplanning, training, management commitment and the development of a safety culture. A country's involvement with construction safety is influenced by factors like: varying labour forces, shifting economies, insurance rates, legal ramifications and technological development. CONTENTS Papers High‐Rise Towers: An Integrated Approach Between Climbing Formworks and Stationary 1 Booms Ciribini, A.L.C. Tramajoni, M. RMAA Safety Performance ‐ How Does It Compare With Greenfield Projects? 13 Chan, A.P.C. Wong, F.K.W. Yam, M.C.H. Chan, D.W.M. Hon, C.K.H. Wang, Y. Dingsdag, D. Biggs. H. An Algorithm for Classifying Error Types of Front‐Line Workers: A Case Study of 25 Occupational Accidents in Construction Sites Saurin, T.A. Costella, M.G. Costella, M.F. Designing for Safety ‐ Applications for the Construction Industry 37 Lew, J.J. Lentz, T.J. Integration of Safety in the Building Delivery System 46 Jørgensen, K. Sander, D. Staghøj, A. Identifying Potential Health and Safety Risks at the Pre‐Construction Stage 59 Gangolells, M. Casals, M. Forcada, N. Roca, X. Fuertes, A. Macarulla, M. Vilella, Q. Construction Management Health and Safety (H&S) Course Content: Towards the 74 Optimum Smallwood, J. Utility Risk Management Education for Engineers 85 Lew, J.J. Anspach, J. The Role of Health and Safety Coordinator in Sweden and Italy Construction Industry 93 Aulin, R. Capone, P. How Can We Prevent Construction Accidents? Outcomes from a Stakeholder 107 Consultation: Project and Workplace Influences Gibb, A. Brace, C. Pendlebury, M. Bust, P.D. 4D‐BIM for Construction Safety Planning 117 Sulankivi, K. Kähkönen, K. Mäkelä, T. Kiviniemi, M. Safety Performance of Native and Migrant Employees on Construction Sites 129 Choudhry, R.M. Fang, D. Development of a Practical Guide for Silica Dust Exposure Limits for Concrete Saw 136 Cutting Methods Middaugh, B. Hubbard, B. Zimmerman, N. McGlothlin, J. The Effect of Illuminance on Task Performance 147 Hinze, J. Taminosian, Z. Olbina, S. A Model for Implementing Focused Safety Initiatives 160 Hinze, J. Site Manager Training and Safety Performance 173 Hare, B. Cameron, I. Understanding the True Costs of Construction Accidents in the Australian Construction 184 Industry Sun, A.C.S. Zou, P.X.W. Return on Investment of Safety Risk Management System in Construction 199 Zou, P.X.W. Sun, A.C.S. Long, B. Marix‐Evans, P. Postgraduate Papers Sharing Construction Safety Knowledge Through Social Networks 215 Fang, D. Huang, J. Fong, P.S.W. Modelling the Dynamics of Safety on Construction Projects: An Undiscovered Rework 227 Perspective Irumba, R. Kerali, A.G. Wilhelmsson, M. Exploring the Influence of Construction Project Features in Accident Causation 241 Manu, P. Ankrah, N. Proverbs, D. Suresh, S. The Evolution of Construction Accident Causation 253 Li, R.Y.M. Poon, S.W. The Communication of Health and Safety Information in Construction 265 Ulang, N.M. Gibb, A.G.F. Anumba, C.J. Airport Security: Structural Zoning in Developing Countries 278 Elzawi, A. Eaton, D. CIB Brochure 289 Disclaimer 291 High-Rise Towers: an Integrated Approach between Climbing Formworks and Stationary Booms Ciribini, A.L.C. DICATA, Università degli Studi di Brescia (email: [email protected]) Tramajoni, M. Peri Italia (email: [email protected]) Abstract The Research aims to investigate how a Construction Management System dealing with the erection of the High-rise Towers could be enhanced. Furthermore, such an effective and proactive Management System purports that the integration between the climbing concrete forming machines and the concrete pumping, pouring and placing devices must be achieved. First of all, the methodology adopted by the Research Unit required to perform a comparative analysis, in close co- operation with the Leading World Manufacturers, through the investigation of the most effective managerial and technical available options. Furthermore, the investigation performed by the Research Unit took into account some meaningful case-studies (located in Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland). The main conclusion lies with the need for distinguishing amongst different kinds of High-rise Tower (depending on its heights and shapes) and the preferred models of Site Management to be followed. Keywords: high-rise towers, site management, formworks, concrete pumping system. 1 1. The formwork and steel fixing systems In Italy, the poor performances and the lack of managerial skills affecting the construction sites are due to an absence of the co-operation amongst the various Players (Client Organizations, Main Contractors, Sub-Contractors, and Suppliers). Indeed, quite often it happens that a Public or Private Client Awarding Organization seems to neglect the Site Management-oriented topics. Likewise, the Main Contractor does not want to be really involved into the Site Management-related solutions, preferring to leave the choice of the preferred formwork, steel fixing and pumping systems to its first- tier Sub-Contractors. Nevertheless, the Trade Contractors are sometimes forced to cope with a reduced margin profit and are not so available to take into account a wide spectrum of managerial and technical options in order to find out the most viable one. Therefore, it can happen that the original Site Plan must be suddenly amended because, for instance, the Trade Contractor decides to use a formwork climbing system instead of a self-climbing one, as it was previously planned and agreed during the tendering phase. Such a change to the original Site Plan, increases, of course, the total amount of the contract and modify the features of the tower crane to be installed: the results of the amendments to the original Plan might cause unforeseen risks and could cause a lot of delays and claims. However, according to a worldwide leading Manufacturer, large formwork elements on a retractable climbing scaffold have been adopted for the first time in 1972 for the construction of the Dresdner Bank Building in Mannheim, Germany. On that occasion, the formworks and climbing scaffolds were lifted with a single pick of the tower crane. Moreover, the first self-climbing system has been used in 1977 to build the Reichenberger Grund Valley Bridge, in Germany, too. The Research aims to investigate how the construction of some recent High-rise Towers has been planned and scheduled in several European Countries (Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland). The Researchers tried to identify the most effective usage of the formwork climbing or self-climbing devices, concrete pumping systems, pouring and placing equipments, to assure the most suitable co-ordination with the tower cranes in order to improve the handling of the materials and tools. The main goal to be attained was focused upon the preferable options to be used when a Construction Managers, acting on the behalf of a General Contractor, has to plan a Site Layout concerning such a Large Project. Indeed, a Construction Manager has to decide which constraints should be considered when choosing (to hire or to buy) a concrete forming machine in order to build the reinforced concrete-framed Core of a High-rise Tower or of a Multi-Storey Building. On the other hand, the standardized solutions for the climbing systems have to be tailored to a specific site and to the building requirements for forming the Core. Furthermore, the ways to assembly the formworks vary depending on the concrete pumping, pouring and placing systems and on the crane-lifting devices. A meaningful finding that the Researchers highlighted shows that the most effective solution needs to introduce the crane-independency of the formwork system, in order to speed up the works and to make easier the operations during all weather conditions (through a wind protection panel which is often also used as an advertising area or 2 surface). The Crane-independency deals with the forming, striking and climbing, and allows the work procedures to be accelerated on the Construction Site, without any increase of the Health & Safety- related risk levels. In such a manner, different kinds of gangs and crews (carpenters, steel-fixers, concrete pumpers, etc.) could work over the platform without any risk to fall from the height, too. The self-climbing movement is allowed by a rail in order to make sure that the units are always connected to the building by the means of a climbing shoe which has been conceived to do so. The climbing shoe guides the rail during the moving process to the next connecting unit. With the climbing systems any asymmetrical load distribution can be adjusted by a hydraulic system. Indeed, just the hydraulic jacks which lift the whole units through a mobile equipment (a noiseless 2, 4, 6 or 8-fold operational hydraulic pump), make free carpenters, steel-fixers and concrete pumpers from the assistance of the tower crane. The climbing mechanism has a lifting power of approximately 100 kN and raises the unit to the next concrete pouring step without the need of any intermediate anchor at a speed of 0.3 m/min.